Correlation between self-efficacy, parental parenting patterns, and severe depression in adolescents

Table 1 Basic information of the samples

Variable	Observation group (n = 120)	Control group (n = 120)
Age (mean ± SD)	16.53 ± 0.59	15.42 ± 0.66
Gender (male/female)	54/66	51/69
Degree of education	Junior high school: 50	Junior high school: 65
	High school: 70	High school: 55

Table 2 The score for self-efficacy

Group	GSES score (mean ± SD)
Observation group	19. 82 ± 6. 01
Control group	24. 78 ± 5. 71
t	-6.554
P value	< 0.001

GSES: General Self-Efficacy Scale.

Table 3 Parenting Style Evaluation Scale score

Group	Observation group	Control group	t	P value
FF1	44.7 ± 5.7	52.1 ± 5.5	-10.234	< 0.001
FF2	20.1 ± 3.5	14.0 ± 2.5	15.536	< 0.001
FF3	21.4 ± 4.2	21.3 ± 4.4	0.180	0.857
FF4	9.2 ± 1.0	9.6 ± 1.3	-2.672	0.008
FF5	11.1 ± 1.7	7.1 ± 1.1	21.640	< 0.001
FF6	10.7 ± 1.2	8.0 ± 1.0	18.935	< 0.001
MF1	46.7 ± 5.9	51.3 ± 6.5	-5.740	< 0.001
MF2	36.9 ± 3.6	0.331 ± 3.0	13.091	< 0.001
MF3	0.113 ± 1.6	10.4 ± 1.1	15.233	< 0.001
MF4	13.8 ± 1.4	10.6 ± 1.2	19.011	< 0.001
MF5	9.0 ± 0.6	9.1 ± 0.9	-1.013	0.312

Table 4 Score for depressive symptoms

Group	BDI score (mean ± SD)
Observation group	26.4 ± 8.2
Control group	5.5 ± 3.0
t	26.221
P value	< 0.001

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.

Table 5 Correlation between parenting style and depressive symptoms among adolescents

		FF1	FF2	FF3	FF4	FF5	FF6	MF1	MF2	MF3	MF4	MF5	BDI
FF1	Pearson correlation	1
FF2	Pearson correlation	-0.378a	1
FF3	Pearson correlation	0.027	-0.077	1
FF4	Pearson correlation	0.123	-0.141b	-0.044	1
FF5	Pearson correlation	-0.428a	0.548a	-0.016	-0.029	1
FF6	Pearson correlation	-0.477a	0.546a	0.017	-0.106	0.667a	1
MF1	Pearson correlation	0.074	-0.340a	0.012	-0.036	-0.319a	-0.315a	1
MF2	Pearson correlation	-0.369a	0.476a	0.046	-0.047	0.556a	0.508a	-0.289a	1
MF3	Pearson correlation	-0.344a	0.521a	0.025	-0.156b	0.562a	0.551a	-0.215a	0.418a	1
MF4	Pearson correlation	-0.459a	0.597a	-0.008	-0.057	0.630a	0.588a	-0.316a	0.487a	0.530a	1
MF5	Pearson correlation	0.063	-0.032	-0.039	-0.019	-0.088	-0.077	0.035	-0.054	-0.044	-0.082	1
BDI	Pearson correlation	-0.499a	0.600a	0.04	-0.133b	0.702a	0.705a	-0.264a	0.620a	0.610a	0.662a	-0.082	1

^aSignificant correlation at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

^bSignificant correlation at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

Table 6 Correlation between self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in adolescents

		GSES	BDI
GSES	Pearson correlation	1
BDI	Pearson correlation	-0.287a	1

^aSignificant correlation at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

GSES: General Self-Efficacy Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.