Depression and anxiety disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: Prevalence, disease impact, treatment

Table 1 Impact of depression and anxiety on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Disease impact	Details
Bidirectional relationship	A significant bidirectional relationship between depression, anxiety, and COPD[32]
Impact on COPD outcomes	Depression and anxiety significantly increase the risk of adverse COPD outcomes and mortality in COPD. Anxiety raises the risk of COPD exacerbation or death[32]
Hospitalization and readmission rates	Higher hospitalization and readmission rates due to COPD exacerbations in patients with comorbid depression and anxiety[33]
Psychological factors and dyspnea	Anxiety sensitivity to be a significant predictor of dyspnea symptoms in COPD, even after adjusting for generalized depression and anxiety[35]
HRQL	Comorbid depression and anxiety at the 1-year follow-up are significantly correlated with HRQL in COPD[35]
Predictors of HRQL	Comorbid depression as the strongest predictor of disease-specific and general HRQL in severe COPD patients[38]

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HRQL: Health-related quality of life.