Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2024; 14(11): 1681-1695
Published online Nov 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1681
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the participants’ characteristics
VariableLevelCountsTotalProportionP value95%CI for proportion
Lower
Upper
GenderMale952000.4750.5250.4040.547
Female1052000.5250.5250.4530.596
Educational settingMainstream schools862000.430.0560.360.502
Special education schools782000.390.0020.3220.461
Alternative learning environments362000.18< 0.0010.1290.24
DiagnosisASD1142000.570.0560.4980.64
ADHD782000.390.0020.3220.461
SLD82000.04< 0.0010.0170.077
Table 2 Additional descriptive statistics of the participants’ characteristics

Shapiro-Wilk
P value of Shapiro-Wilk
Gender0.636< 0.001
Educational setting0.784< 0.001
Diagnosis0.697< 0.001
Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for the prevalence of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety

Emotional distress
Depression
Anxiety
Valid200200200
Mean26.2734.2568.815
SD4.0026.328.82
Shapiro-Wilk0.8840.8310.742
P value of Shapiro-Wilk< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
Minimum141837
Maximum324077
25th percentile233066
50th percentile26.53673
75th percentile304075
Table 4 Spearman's correlations for emotional distress, depression and anxiety

Emotional distress
Depression
Anxiety
Emotional distressSpearman's rho-
P value-
DepressionSpearman's rho0.445c-
P value< 0.001-
AnxietySpearman's rho0.181a0.492c-
P value0.01< 0.001-
Table 5 Bayesian Mann-Whitney U test showing the impact of gender on emotional distress, depression and anxiety

BF10
W
Rhat
Emotional distress2.4483971.51.002
Depression0.85243141
Anxiety0.8424440.51.002
Table 6 ANOVA for emotional distress across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases
Sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
P value
Educational setting20.279210.140.680.508
Diagnosis53.062226.5311.7780.172
Educational setting1 diagnosis185.33446.3333.1060.017
Residuals2849.39419114.918
Table 7 Kruskal-Wallis test for emotional distress across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor
Statistic
df
P value
Educational setting4.99620.082
Diagnosis4.18820.123
Table 8 ANOVA for depression across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases
Sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
P value
Educational setting59.334229.6670.7840.458
Diagnosis122.937261.4691.6250.2
Educational setting1 diagnosis174.927443.7321.1560.332
Residuals7225.00519137.827
Table 9 Kruskal-Wallis test for depression across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor
Statistic
df
P value
Educational setting5.20520.074
Diagnosis1.37920.502
Table 10 ANOVA for anxiety across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases
Sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
P value
Educational setting145.56272.781.0320.358
Diagnosis84.696242.3480.6010.549
Educational setting1 diagnosis502.7014125.6751.7830.134
Residuals13465.0319170.498
Table 11 Kruskal-Wallis test for anxiety across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor
Statistic
df
P value
Educational setting12.45920.002
Diagnosis1.49520.474
Table 12 Post hoc comparisons – educational setting

Mean difference
SE
t
PTukey
Mainstream schoolsSpecial education schools-3.482.728-1.2760.411
Alternative learning environments-3.5982.835-1.2690.414
Special education schoolsAlternative learning environments-0.1182.584-0.0460.999