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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2024; 14(11): 1681-1695
Published online Nov 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1681
Published online Nov 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1681
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the participants’ characteristics
Variable | Level | Counts | Total | Proportion | P value | 95%CI for proportion | |
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender | Male | 95 | 200 | 0.475 | 0.525 | 0.404 | 0.547 |
Female | 105 | 200 | 0.525 | 0.525 | 0.453 | 0.596 | |
Educational setting | Mainstream schools | 86 | 200 | 0.43 | 0.056 | 0.36 | 0.502 |
Special education schools | 78 | 200 | 0.39 | 0.002 | 0.322 | 0.461 | |
Alternative learning environments | 36 | 200 | 0.18 | < 0.001 | 0.129 | 0.24 | |
Diagnosis | ASD | 114 | 200 | 0.57 | 0.056 | 0.498 | 0.64 |
ADHD | 78 | 200 | 0.39 | 0.002 | 0.322 | 0.461 | |
SLD | 8 | 200 | 0.04 | < 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.077 |
Table 2 Additional descriptive statistics of the participants’ characteristics
Shapiro-Wilk | P value of Shapiro-Wilk | |
Gender | 0.636 | < 0.001 |
Educational setting | 0.784 | < 0.001 |
Diagnosis | 0.697 | < 0.001 |
Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for the prevalence of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety
Emotional distress | Depression | Anxiety | |
Valid | 200 | 200 | 200 |
Mean | 26.27 | 34.25 | 68.815 |
SD | 4.002 | 6.32 | 8.82 |
Shapiro-Wilk | 0.884 | 0.831 | 0.742 |
P value of Shapiro-Wilk | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Minimum | 14 | 18 | 37 |
Maximum | 32 | 40 | 77 |
25th percentile | 23 | 30 | 66 |
50th percentile | 26.5 | 36 | 73 |
75th percentile | 30 | 40 | 75 |
Table 4 Spearman's correlations for emotional distress, depression and anxiety
Table 5 Bayesian Mann-Whitney U test showing the impact of gender on emotional distress, depression and anxiety
BF10 | W | Rhat | |
Emotional distress | 2.448 | 3971.5 | 1.002 |
Depression | 0.852 | 4314 | 1 |
Anxiety | 0.842 | 4440.5 | 1.002 |
Table 6 ANOVA for emotional distress across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | P value |
Educational setting | 20.279 | 2 | 10.14 | 0.68 | 0.508 |
Diagnosis | 53.062 | 2 | 26.531 | 1.778 | 0.172 |
Educational setting1 diagnosis | 185.33 | 4 | 46.333 | 3.106 | 0.017 |
Residuals | 2849.394 | 191 | 14.918 |
Table 7 Kruskal-Wallis test for emotional distress across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor | Statistic | df | P value |
Educational setting | 4.996 | 2 | 0.082 |
Diagnosis | 4.188 | 2 | 0.123 |
Table 8 ANOVA for depression across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | P value |
Educational setting | 59.334 | 2 | 29.667 | 0.784 | 0.458 |
Diagnosis | 122.937 | 2 | 61.469 | 1.625 | 0.2 |
Educational setting1 diagnosis | 174.927 | 4 | 43.732 | 1.156 | 0.332 |
Residuals | 7225.005 | 191 | 37.827 |
Table 9 Kruskal-Wallis test for depression across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor | Statistic | df | P value |
Educational setting | 5.205 | 2 | 0.074 |
Diagnosis | 1.379 | 2 | 0.502 |
Table 10 ANOVA for anxiety across different educational settings and diagnoses
Cases | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | P value |
Educational setting | 145.56 | 2 | 72.78 | 1.032 | 0.358 |
Diagnosis | 84.696 | 2 | 42.348 | 0.601 | 0.549 |
Educational setting1 diagnosis | 502.701 | 4 | 125.675 | 1.783 | 0.134 |
Residuals | 13465.03 | 191 | 70.498 |
Table 11 Kruskal-Wallis test for anxiety across different educational settings and diagnoses
Factor | Statistic | df | P value |
Educational setting | 12.459 | 2 | 0.002 |
Diagnosis | 1.495 | 2 | 0.474 |
Table 12 Post hoc comparisons – educational setting
Mean difference | SE | t | PTukey | ||
Mainstream schools | Special education schools | -3.48 | 2.728 | -1.276 | 0.411 |
Alternative learning environments | -3.598 | 2.835 | -1.269 | 0.414 | |
Special education schools | Alternative learning environments | -0.118 | 2.584 | -0.046 | 0.999 |
- Citation: Otu MS, Sefotho MM. Examination of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety in neurodiverse students: A cross-sectional study. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14(11): 1681-1695
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v14/i11/1681.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1681