Influence of the continuing COVID-19 epidemic on sleep quality and psychological status of healthcare workers in private institutions

Table 1 Sociodemographic data from the participants (first stage, n = 224)

Variable		Frequency	Percent (%)
Sex	Male	114	50.89
	Female	110	49.11
Age (year)	21-30	93	41.52
	31-40	85	37.95
	41-50	28	12.50
	51-60	12	5.36
	61-70	4	1.79
	71-75	2	0.89
Occupation	TCM doctor	111	49.55
	Doctor	44	19.64
	Nurse	22	9.82
	Diagnostic and therapeutic technician	18	8.04
	Others1	10	4.46
	Administrative staff	8	3.57
	Unemployed	6	2.68
	Logisticians	5	2.23
Occupation role	Employees (regular income)	126	56.25
	Employees (no regular income)	39	17.41
	Owners (employees)	28	12.50
	Owners (no employees)	20	8.93
	Unemployed	6	2.68
	Owners and employees	5	2.23
Working seniority (year)	0-10	148	66.07
	11-20	60	26.79
	21-30	12	5.36
	31-40	3	1.34
	41-50	1	0.45

¹Others included 3 dentists, 3 therapists, 2 pharmacists, 1 nucleic acid sampler, and 1 TCM and Western Medical Doctor.

Table 2 Sociodemographic data from the participants (second stage, n = 239)

Variable		Frequency	Percent (%)
Sex	Male	126	52.72
	Female	113	47.28
Age (year)	18-20	4	1.67
	21-30	93	39.91
	31-40	87	36.40
	41-50	35	14.64
	51-60	14	5.86
	61-70	5	2.09
	71-83	1	0.42
Occupation	TCM doctor	118	49.37
	Doctor	47	19.67
	Nurse	23	9.62
	Others1	20	8.37
	Administrative staff	14	5.86
	Unemployed	7	2.93
	Logisticians	6	2.51
	Diagnostic and therapeutic technician	4	1.67
Occupation role	Employees (regular income)	131	54.81
	Employees (no regular income)	44	18.41
	Owners (employees)	31	12.97
	Owners (no employees)	21	8.79
	Unemployed	7	2.93
	Owners and employees	5	2.09
Working seniority (year)	0-10	169	70.71
	11-20	46	19.25
	21-30	13	5.44
	31-40	8	3.35
	41-50	3	1.26

¹Others included 7 dentists, 3 therapists, and 10 pharmacists.

Table 3 Comparison of the difference in the rates of sleep disorder between the two stages

Stage	Normal, n (%)	Sleep disorder, n (%)	χ2	P value
1st stage	152 (67.86)	72 (32.14)	0.747	0.388
2nd stage	171 (71.55)	68 (28.45)

Table 4 Total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and 7-component scores

Item	1st stage scores, mean ± SD	2nd stage scores, mean ± SD	Z	P value
PSQI total scores	6.46 ± 2.89	6.27 ± 2.79	-0.625	0.532
Subjective sleep quality	1.24 ± 0.67	1.29 ± 2.73	-1.060	0.289
Sleep latency	1.02 ± 0.80	0.85 ± 0.74	-2.191	0.028a
Sleep duration	1.07 ± 0.85	1.03 ± 1.03	-1.089	0.276
Habitual sleep efficiency	0.22 ± 0.53	0.38 ± 0.87	-1.378	0.168
Sleep disturbances	1.11 ± 0.62	0.97 ± 0.56	-2.367	0.018a
Use of sleep medications	0.16 ± 0.52	0.20 ± 0.48	-1.957	0.050
Daytime dysfunction	1.65 ± 0.80	1.53 ± 0.77	-1.678	0.093

^aP < 0.05.

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 5 Comparison of the difference in the rates of anxiety and depression between the two stages

Item	Stage	Normal, n (%)	Abnormal, n (%)	χ2	P value
Anxiety	1st stage	154 (68.75)	70 (31.25)	0.574	0.449
	2nd stage	172 (71.97)	67 (28.03)
Depression	1st stage	112 (50.00)	112 (50.00)	0.018	0.893
	2nd stage	118 (49.37)	121 (50.63)

Table 6 Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale standard scores

Item	1st stage scores (mean ± SD)	2nd stage scores (mean ± SD)	Z	P value
SAS standard scores	43.78 ± 9.99	44.33 ± 9.78	-0.335	0.738
SDS standard scores	48.20 ± 11.69	49.01 ± 11.18	-0.688	0.492

SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 7 Correlations of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores, and Self-Rating Depression Scale scores (first stage)

	PSQI total scores	SAS standard scores	SDS standard scores
PSQI total scores	1
SAS standard scores	0.461b	1
SDS standard scores	0.428b	0.775b	1

^bP < 0.01.

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 8 Correlations of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores, and Self-Rating Depression Scale scores (Second Stage)

	PSQI total scores	SAS standard scores	SDS standard scores
PSQI total scores	1
SAS standard scores	0.593b	1
SDS standard scores	0.470b	0.735b	1

^bP < 0.01.

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.