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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2023; 13(8): 551-562
Published online Aug 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i8.551
Published online Aug 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i8.551
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients stratified by therapy arm
Characteristics | BA-M | TAU | P value | |||
Mean or count | SD or % | Mean or count | SD or % | |||
Age | 32.3 | 9.6 | 33.8 | 11.5 | 0.437 | |
Gender | Men | 17 | 30% | 24 | 42% | 0.242 |
Women | 40 | 70% | 33 | 58% | ||
Data site | CCP | 18 | 34% | 22 | 39% | 0.880 |
PIMH | 21 | 40% | 21 | 37% | ||
Mayo | 14 | 26% | 14 | 25% | ||
Education | Below primary | 6 | 11% | 6 | 11% | 0.300 |
Matric | 11 | 20% | 14 | 25% | ||
FA/A Level | 9 | 16% | 12 | 21% | ||
Other | 24 | 43% | 14 | 25% | ||
Middle/secondary | 6 | 11% | 11 | 19% | ||
Marital status | Married | 27 | 47% | 19 | 33% | 0.039 |
Sep/divorced/widowed | 5 | 9% | 15 | 26% | ||
Unmarried | 25 | 44% | 23 | 40% | ||
Family system | Nuclear | 32 | 56% | 31 | 54% | 0.999 |
Joint | 25 | 44% | 26 | 46% | ||
Working status | Yes | 25 | 45% | 21 | 37% | 0.514 |
No | 31 | 55% | 36 | 63% | ||
SES | Lower class | 14 | 25% | 21 | 37% | 0.247 |
Middle or upper class | 42 | 75% | 36 | 63% | ||
PHQ (Pre) | 19.5 | 4.9 | 20.1 | 4.1 | 0.487 | |
BADS (Pre) | 20.2 | 8.4 | 15.6 | 6.3 | 0.001 | |
SCL-R (Dep) | 41.9 | 9.9 | 43.1 | 8.2 | 0.506 | |
D1 (Pre) | Physical health | 17.9 | 4.9 | 14.7 | 4.8 | 0.001 |
D2 (Pre) | Psychological health | 12.3 | 3.3 | 11.7 | 3.3 | 0.333 |
D3 (Pre) | Social relationships | 8.4 | 2.6 | 7.9 | 2.6 | 0.298 |
D4 (Pre) | Environment | 22.4 | 5.2 | 20.0 | 5.1 | 0.014 |
Table 2 Characteristics of lost and retained patients
Characteristics | Lost to follow up (n = 11) | Retained (n = 103) | P value | |
Age, mean (SD) | 35.27 (13.94) | 32.83 (10.19) | 0.469 | |
Gender | Men | 9 (82%) | 32 (31%) | 0.003 |
Women | 2 (18%) | 71 (69%) | ||
Education | Below primary | 1 (10%) | 11 (11%) | |
Matric | 3 (30%) | 22 (21%) | ||
FA/A Level | 1 (10%) | 20 (19%) | 0.915 | |
Other | 3 (30%) | 35 (34%) | ||
Middle/secondary | 2 (20%) | 15 (15%) | ||
Marital status | Married | 3 (27%) | 43 (42%) | 0.617 |
Sep/divorced/widowed | 2 (18%) | 18 (18%) | ||
Unmarried | 6 (55%) | 42 (41%) | ||
Family system | Nuclear | 10 (91%) | 53 (52%) | 0.029 |
Joint | 1 (9%) | 50 (49%) | ||
Working status | Yes | 5 (46%) | 41 (40%) | 0.989 |
No | 6 (55%) | 61 (60%) | ||
SES | Lower class | 6 (55%) | 29 (28%) | 0.151 |
Middle or upper class | 5 (46%) | 73 (72%) | ||
PHQ Pre | 20.18 (2.82) | 19.79 (4.71) | 0.786 | |
BADS Pre | 14.09 (4.11) | 18.34 (7.90) | 0.082 | |
SCL-R (Dep) | 36.91 (9.61) | 43.14 (8.88) | 0.030 | |
D1 (Pre) | Physical health | 16.64 (2.94) | 16.33 (5.26) | 0.850 |
D2 (Pre) | Psychological health | 12.18 (3.06) | 11.94 (3.31) | 0.818 |
D3 (Pre) | Social relationships | 8.00 (1.41) | 8.17 (2.70) | 0.842 |
D4 (Pre) | Environment | 20.18 (3.06) | 21.31 (5.44) | 0.501 |
Table 3 Summary of outcome after therapy
Characteristics | BA-M | TAU | P value |
n | 57 | 57 | |
Drop Out | 4 (7%) | 7 (12%) | 0.526 |
Retained | 53 (93%) | 50 (88%) | |
PHQ (Post), mean (SD) | 4.19 (3.42) | 6.18 (3.85) | 0.006 |
BADS (Post) | 34.34 (7.32) | 27.90 (8.53) | < 0.001 |
SCL-R (Dep) | 16.00 (8.08) | 19.96 (7.74) | 0.013 |
D1 Physical Health (Post) | 25.85 (2.91) | 22.84 (3.35) | < 0.001 |
D2 Psychological Health (Post) | 19.74 (3.08) | 17.88 (3.26) | 0.004 |
D3 Social Relationships (Post) | 10.45 (1.96) | 9.64 (2.15) | 0.047 |
D4 Environment (Post) | 27.83 (4.91) | 26.48 (4.44) | 0.147 |
Number of Sessions | 9.00 (1.77) | 8.25 (1.39) | 0.013 |
Table 4 Coefficients for the regression of the patient health questionnaire-9 post-therapy measurement on baseline and therapy arm
Characteristics | Estimate | 95%CI | P value |
Intercept | 1.205 | (-1.887, 4.298) | 0.441 |
TAU Arm | 1.946 | (0.545, 3.347) | 0.007 |
Baseline PHQ | 0.152 | (0.002, 0.301) | 0.046 |
Table 5 Coefficients from the regression for secondary outcomes from analysis of covariance models
Characteristics | Estimate | 95%CI | P value |
BADS | |||
Intercept | 36.332 | (31.629, 41.035) | < 0.001 |
Arm TAU | -6.854 | (-10.076, -3.631) | < 0.001 |
Baseline BADS | -0.098 | (-0.302, 0.107) | 0.346 |
SCL-R (Dep) | |||
Intercept | 0.455 | (-6.723, 7.633) | 0.900 |
Arm TAU | 3.802 | (0.960, 6.644) | 0.009 |
Baseline SCL-R (Dep) | -0.098 | (-0.302, 0.107) | 0.346 |
WHOQOL (D1: Physical) | |||
Intercept | 22.948 | (20.662, 25.235) | < 0.001 |
Arm TAU | -2.489 | (-3.737, -1.241) | < 0.001 |
Baseline (D1: Physical) | 0.162 | (0.043, 0.281) | 0.008 |
WHOQOL (D2: Psychological) | |||
Intercept | 16.097 | (13.71, 25.235) | < 0.001 |
Arm TAU | -1.614 | (-2.809, -0.420) | 0.009 |
Baseline (D2: Psychological) | 0.295 | (0.133, 0.476) | 0.002 |
WHOQOL (D3: Social) | |||
Intercept | 7.836 | (6.583, 9.089) | < 0.001 |
Arm TAU | -0.688 | (-1.424, 0.048) | 0.066 |
Baseline (D3: Social) | 0.313 | (0.176, 0.450) | < 0.001 |
WHOQOL (D4: Environment) | |||
Intercept | 18.072 | (14.496, 21.648) | < 0.001 |
Arm TAU | -0.328 | (-1.967, 1.312) | 0.693 |
Baseline (D4: Environment) | 0.435 | (0.283, 0.586) | < 0.001 |
Table 6 Coefficients for the fixed effects of the longitudinal model for patient health questionnaire-9
Characteristics | Estimate | 95%CI | P value |
Overall Intercept | 21.536 | (20.549, 22.524) | < 0.001 |
TAU Arm | 0.396 | (-1.010, 1.800) | 0.582 |
Session | -2.260 | (-2.363, -2.156) | < 0.001 |
TAU-session interaction | 0.10203 | (-0.058, 0.261) | 0.210 |
- Citation: Dawood S, Mir G, West RM. Randomized control trial of a culturally adapted behavioral activation therapy for Muslim patients with depression in Pakistan. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13(8): 551-562
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v13/i8/551.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v13.i8.551