Operational definitions and measurement of externalizing behavior problems: An integrative review including research models and clinical diagnostic systems

Table 1 Relationship between diagnostic criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5) and externalizing facets-dimensions

Externalizing disorders in adulthood			Internalizing
DSM-5 disorders (diagnostic criteria)	Disinhibition	Antagonism
Antisocial [Personality disorder, diagnostic criteria section II (3/7)]	Non-compliance with standards (criterion 1)	Deception/fraud (criterion 2)
	Impulsivity (criterion 3)	(Lack of) empathy (criterion 7)
	Aggression (physical) (criterion 4)
	Risk-taking (criterion 5)
	Irresponsibility (criterion 6)
Narcissistic personality disorder [Diagnostic criteria (5/9)]		Grandiosity (criteria 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9)
		Attention seeking (criterion 4)
		Exploitation (criterion 6)
		(Lack of) empathy (criterion 7)
Paranoid personality disorder [Diagnostic criteria (4/7)]		Mistrust (criteria 1-4, and 7)
		Hostility (criteria 5 and 6)
Borderline personality disorder [Diagnostic criteria (5/9)]			Separation anxiety (criterion 1)
			Affective lability (criteria 2 and 6)
			Altered self-perception (criterion 3)
	Risk-taking (criterion 4)
			Suicide (criterion 5)
			Depression (criterion 7)
		Hostility (criterion 8)
			Dissociation (criterion 9)
Histrionic personality disorder [Diagnostic criteria (5/8)]		Attention seeking (criteria 1, 2, 4, and 6)
			Affective lability (criterion 3)
			Superficiality (criterion 5)
			Suggestibility (criterion 7)
			Altered social perception (criterion 8)
ADHD [Inattention (5/9)]	Inattention (criteria a-i)
Hyperactivity and impulsivity (5/9)	Hyperactivity (criteria a-f)
	Impulsivity (criteria g-i)
Oppositional defiant disorder [Diagnostic criteria (4/8)]		Hostility (criteria 1-3 and 8)
		Rebellion (criteria 4-7)

DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.