Estimated prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorders in medical students of Hebei Province, China: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Participant demographics, n (%)

	Frequency (n = 7117)
Gender
Male	2610 (36.7)
Female	4507 (63.3)
Grade
Sophomore year	3471 (48.8)
Junior year	2974 (41.8)
Senior year	672 (9.4)
Nationality
Han	6746 (94.8)
Ethnic minorities	371 (5.2)
Region
Urban	4049 (56.9)
Rural	3068 (43.1)
Left-behind children
Yes	306 (4.3)
No	6811 (95.7)

Table 2 Lifetime and 12-mo prevalence of mental disorders in medical students (n = 7117)

	Lifetime prevalence		12-mo prevalence
	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)
Mood disorders
Any mood disorders	95	1.3 (1.08-1.63)	307	4.3 (3.86-4.81)
Depressive disorders	354	4.9 (4.48-5.51)	260	3.7 (3.23-4.12)
Major depressive disorder	354	4.9 (4.48-5.51)	249	3.5 (3.09-3.96)
Dysthymic disorder			11	0.2 (0.08-0.28)
Bipolar disorder	38	0.5 (0.38-0.74)	26	0.4 (0.24-0.55)
Anxiety disorders
Any anxiety disorders	17	0.2 (0.14-0.39)	278	3.9 (3.48-4.39)
Panic attack	35	0.5 (0.35-0.69)	18	0.3 (0.15-0.40)
Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder			8	0.1 (0.05-0.23)
Social phobia			97	1.4 (1.11-1.66)
Obsessive–compulsive disorder			147	2.1 (1.76-2.44)
Post-traumatic stress disorder			15	0.2 (0.12-0.36)
Generalized anxiety disorder			118	1.7 (1.38-1.99)
Substance-use disorders
Any substance-use disorders			46	0.7 (0.48-0.87)
Alcohol use disorders			42	0.6 (0.43-0.80)
Alcohol dependence			16	0.2 (0.13-0.37)
Alcohol abuse			26	0.4 (0.25-0.55)
Drug use disorders			4	< 0.1 (0.02-0.16)
Drug dependence			3	< 0.1 (0.01-0.13)
Drug abuse			1	< 0.1 (0.00-0.08)
Psychotic disorder
Any psychotic disorder	17	0.2 (0.14-0.39)	5	0.1 (0.03-0.17)
Eating disorders
Any eating disorders			4	< 0.1 (0.01-0.13)
Anorexia			3	< 0.1 (0.01-0.13)
Bulimia			1	< 0.1 (0.00-0.08)
Personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.12)

Table 3 12-mo prevalence of mental disorders by gender in medical students (n = 7117)

	Male		Female		P value
	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)
Mood disorders
Depressive disorders	114	4.4 (3.63-5.24)	146	3.2 (2.75-3.81)	0.014a
Major depressive disorder	111	4.3 (3.52-5.11)	138	3.1 (2.59-3.62)	0.008b
Dysthymic disorder	3	0.1 (0.03-0.36)	8	0.2 (0.08-0.37)	0.517
Bipolar disorder	15	0.6 (0.33-0.96)	11	0.2 (0.13-0.45)	0.026a
Anxiety disorders
Panic attack	7	0.3 (0.12-0.58)	11	0.2 (0.13-0.45)	0.845
Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder	4	0.2 (0.05-0.42)	4	0.1 (0.03-0.25)	0.434
Social phobia	42	1.6 (1.18-2.19)	55	1.2 (0.93-1.60)	0.173
Obsessive compulsive disorder	73	2.8 (2.22-3.53)	74	1.6 (1.30-2.07)	0.001b
Post-traumatic stress disorder	7	0.3 (0.12-0.58)	8	0.2 (0.08-0.37)	0.421
Generalized anxiety disorder	46	1.8 (1.31-2.36)	72	1.6 (1.26-2.02)	0.599
Substance-use disorders
Alcohol use disorders	30	1.2 (0.79-1.66)	12	0.3 (0.15-0.48)	< 0.001b
Alcohol dependence	13	0.5 (0.28-0.88)	3	0.1 (0.02-0.22)	< 0.001b
Alcohol abuse	17	0.7 (0.39-1.06)	9	0.2 (0.10-0.39)	0.002b
Drug use disorders	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.31)	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.17)	0.580
Drug dependence	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.31)	1	< 0.1 (0.01-0.13)	0.281
Drug abuse	0		1	< 0.1 (0.00-0.14)	0.447
Psychotic disorder
Any psychotic disorder	3	0.1 (0.03-0.36)	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.17)	0.279
Eating disorders
Anorexia	1	< 0.1 (0.00-0.25)	2	< 0.1 (0.01-0.17)	0.904
Bulimia	0		1	< 0.1 (0.00-0.14)	0.447

^aP < 0.05 (male vs female).

^bP < 0.01 (male vs female).

Table 4 Health care treatment in the past 12 mo of medical students with mental disorders (n = 7117)

	Psychological consultative center		Psychiatric specialty hospital		Treatment
	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)	Frequency	Prevalence, % (95%CI)
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder	58	16.4 (12.76-20.75)	17	4.8 (2.91-7.72)	34	9.6 (6.83-13.28)
Dysthymic disorder	4	36.4 (12.36-68.38)	2	18.2 (3.21-52.24)	1	9.1 (0.48-42.88)
Bipolar disorder	6	15.8 (6.59-31.93)	5	13.2 (4.95-28.89)	6	15.8 (6.59-31.93)
Anxiety disorders
Panic attack	7	20.0 (9.06-37.46)	6	17.1 (7.17-34.29)	8	22.9 (11.05-40.56)
Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder	2	25.0 (4.45-64.42)	2	25.0 (4.45-64.42)	2	25.0 (4.45-64.42)
Social phobia	14	14.4 (8.40-23.37)	7	7.2 (3.20-14.80)	8	8.3 (3.89-16.07)
Obsessive compulsive disorder	27	18.4 (12.66-25.78)	13	8.8 (4.98-14.94)	20	13.6 (8.71-20.47)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	5	33.3 (12.99-61.31)	3	20.0 (5.31-48.63)	4	26.7 (8.92-55.17)
Generalized anxiety disorder	19	16.1 (10.21-24.26)	13	11.0 (6.23-18.44)	13	11.0 (6.23-18.44)
Substance-use disorders
Alcohol dependence	3	18.8 (4.97-46.31)	1	6.3 (0.33-32.29)	1	6.3 (0.33-32.29)
Alcohol abuse	4	15.4 (5.04-35.72)	1	3.9 (0.20-21.59)	3	11.5 (3.03-31.28)
Drug dependence	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)
Drug abuse	0		0		0
Psychotic disorder
Any psychotic disorder	6	35.3 (15.26-61.38)	4	23.5 (7.82-50.24)	2	11.8 (2.06-37.74)
Eating disorders
Anorexia	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)	1	33.3 (1.76-87.47)
Bulimia	0		0		0
Personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder	0		0		0