Relationship between family cohesion/adaptability and postpartum depressive symptoms: A single-center retrospective study

Table 1 Characteristics of participants with and without postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 1446)

Characteristics	With postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 454)		Without postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 992)		χ2	P value
	n	Percent	n	Percent
Age (yr)					2.07	0.354
18–28	181	39.9	365	36.8
29–34	217	47.8	481	48.5
Over 35	56	12.3	146	14.7
Educational level					2.65	0.448
Junior high school or below	67	14.8	122	12.3
Senior high school	90	19.8	208	21.0
College	131	28.9	315	31.8
University and above	166	36.6	347	35.0
Occupation					11.26	0.046
Leadership	6	1.3	26	2.6
Professional and technical personnel	82	18.1	222	22.4
Clerks	96	21.1	225	22.7
Business and service personnel	107	23.6	237	23.9
Unemployed / housewife	150	33.0	262	26.4
Others	13	2.9	20	2.0
Mode of delivery					0.177	0.674
Vaginal delivery	239	52.6	534	53.8
Cesarean section	215	47.4	458	46.2
Gravidity					4.004	0.261
1	201	44.3	389	39.2
2	141	31.1	354	35.7
3	71	15.6	154	15.5
≥ 4	41	9.0	95	9.6
Parity					6.107	0.107
1	269	59.3	521	52.5
2	159	35.0	412	41.5
≥ 3	26	5.7	59	6.0

Table 2 Family cohesion and adaptability scores of postpartum women (n = 1446) (mean ± SD)

FACES II-CV	With postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 454)	Without postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 992)	t value	P value
Cohesion	66.78 ± 9.88	74.03 ± 8.60	14.16	< 0.001
Adaptability	48.62 ± 8.48	55.11 ± 7.39	14.77	< 0.001

FACES II-CV: Family Cohesion and Adaptability Scale.

Table 3 Association between types of family cohesion and postpartum depression (n = 1446)

Types of family cohesion	n	Rate	Model 1			Model 2
			COR	95%CI	P value	AOR	95%CI	P value
Connected	410	28.40%	1.00			1.00
Disengaged	78	5.40%	3.82	2.27-6.43	< 0.001	3.36	1.91-5.91	< 0.001
Separated	180	12.40%	2.03	1.42-2.89	< 0.001	1.97	1.34-2.90	< 0.001
Enmeshed	778	53.80%	0.4	0.31-0.53	< 0.001	0.38	0.28-0.51	< 0.001

Model 1: Univariate regression model, without adjusting for covariates; Model 2: Multivariate regression model, adjusted for age, occupation, educational level, gravidity, parity, and delivery mode. COR: Crude odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio.

Table 4 Relationship between types of family adaptability and postpartum depressive symptoms (n = 1446)

Type of family adaptability	n	Rate	Model 1			Model 2
			COR	95%CI	P value	AOR	95%CI	P value
Flexible	282	19.5%	1.00			1.00
Rigid	428	29.6%	4.07	2.91-5.70	< 0.001	4.41	3.02-6.43	< 0.001
Structured	526	36.4%	1.83	1.35-2.48	< 0.001	1.88	1.34-2.63	< 0.001
Chaotic	210	14.5%	0.37	0.26-0.52	< 0.001	0.35	0.24-0.51	< 0.001

Model 1: Uncorrected model: univariate regression model, uncorrected confounding factors; Model 2: Corrected model: multivariate regression model, adjusted for age, occupation, education, gravidity, parity, and mode delivery. COR: Crude odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio.