Surviving the shift: College student satisfaction with emergency online learning during COVID-19 pandemic

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and single factor analysis among college students during coronavirus disease 2019 [median (interquartile range)], (n = 1580)

Variable	n	Online learning satisfaction	Depression	Neurasthenia	Fear	compulsion-anxiety	Hypochondria	Positive coping style	Negative coping style
Sex
Female	1238	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.5)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	20.0 (11.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Male	342	7.0 (4.0)	0.3 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (13.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Z value		-0.56	-2.90	-0.09	-3.56	-1.86	-1.71	-1.56	-1.01
P value		0.606	0.0042	0.928	<0.0012	0.063	0.088	0.120	0.312
Age (yr)
17-20	1219	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
21-29	361	7.0 (3.0)	0.3 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	20.0 (11.0)	7.0 (2.00)
Z value		-3.27	-2.98	-2.46	-0.44	-0.53	-1.078	-0.77	-2.59
P value		< 0.0012	0.0032	0.0141	0.660	0.600	0.281	0.440	0.0101
Currently role
Volunteers	44	7.0 (3.0)	0.3 (0.8)	0.2 (0.8)	0.5 (0.8)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	17.5 (12.5)	7.5 (7.5)
At home	1536	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Z value		-0.62	-1.66	-0.17	-0.03	-1.92	-1.57	-0.05	-0.84
P value		0.538	0.097	0.242	0.974	0.055	0.116	0.961	0.399
Major
Medicine	191	7.0 (3.0)	0.3 (0.8)	0.4 (0.8)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	19.0 (11.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Art	799	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.5)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Science	590	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (10.0)	6.0 (5.0)
χ2		14.80	14.42	12.20	2.54	-0.96	-0.32	7.76	7.01
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	0.0022	0.281	0.617	0.850	0.0211	0.0301
Academic year
1st	708	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	18.0 (12.0)	6.0 (7.0)
2nd	308	7.5 (3.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	20.0 (13.0)	7.0 (6.0)
3rd	430	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.6)	22.0 (10.3)	7.0 (5.0)
4th	134	7.0 (3.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.8)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	19.5 (11.3)	7.0 (6.0)
χ2		13.48	-0.49	1.84	0.37	2.339	3.104	36.63	15.21
P value		0.0042	0.181	0.607	0.946	0.505	0.376	< 0.0012	0.0022
Family location
Country	865	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.6)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (11.5)	7.0 (5.0)
Town	292	7.0 (3.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.4)	20.0 (11.0)	7.0 (5.0)
City	423	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
χ2		10.24	4.73	1.75	0.38	4.42	0.101	16.05	10.77
P value		0.0062	0.093	0.417	0.829	0.110	0.951	< 0.0012	0.005b
Nationalities
Ethnic minorities	71	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	17.0 (11.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Han Chinese	1509	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Z value		-0.95	-0.74	-0.86	-0.49	-0.32	-1.03	-0.90	-0.47
P value		0.342	0.460	0.389	0.625	0.749	0.304	0.367	0.639
Whether student cadres
Yes currently	770	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (11.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Used to be	436	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (11.0)	7.0 (6.0)
No	374	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
χ2		1.28	5.20	1.30	4.46	6.49	3.41	6.62	3.21
P value		0.528	0.074	0.521	0.108	0.039a	0.181	0.037a	0.201
Monthly household income (Yuan)
< 5000	950	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
5000-10000	523	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.5)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
10000	107	7.0 (2.0)	0.3 (0.8)	0.4 (0.6)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	20.0 (13.0)	8.0 (6.0)
χ2		0.35	4.26	4.65	2.52	4.78	0.40	5.68	3.49
P value		0.840	0.119	0.098	0.284	0.092	0.819	0.058	0.174
Online status
No network or not well	46	5.5 (3.0)	0.4 (1.2)	0.4 (1.3)	0.6 (0.7)	0.0 (0.5)	0.0 (0.1)	16.0 (12.3)	7.0 (7.5)
Can not online learning at schedule	16	4.0 (3.8)	0.8 (0.7)	1.0 (0.8)	0.8 (0.8)	0.1 (0.9)	0.0 (0.5)	17.0 (12.0)	8.0 (6.5)
Can online learning at schedule	1518	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
χ2		49.80	17.92	29.13	6.90	20.59	1.09	10.57	0.93
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	0.0321	< 0.0012	0.579	0.0052	0.628
Average time attention to epidemic
Almost all day	165	7.0 (3.5)	0.0 (0.5)	0.2 (0.6)	0.7 (0.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	20.0 (11.5)	7.0 (5.0)
About 1-3 h or more	231	8.0 (3.0)	0.2 (0.5)	0.2 (0.6)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	21.0 (11.0)	6.0 (5.0)
< 1 h	1132	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Not concerned	52	5.0 (3.0)	0.2 (0.8)	0.2 (0.8)	0.3 (0.5)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.0)	14.5 (17.5)	6.5 (6.8)
χ2		43.39	2.23	1.03	14.75	3.45	1.37	22.51	0.73
P value		< 0.0012	0.526	0.794	0.0022	0.327	0.713	< 0.0012	0.866
Whether regular schedule
No	427	6.0 (3.0)	0.5 (0.7)	0.4 (0.6)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	21.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Yes	1153	7.0 (2.5)	0.0 (0.5)	0.2 (0.4)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	17.0 (9.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Z value		-9.97	-11.51	-9.979	-4.62	-7.05	-2.22	-6.32	-3.89
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	0.0271	< 0.0012	< 0.0012
Whether bored at home for long time
Yes	643	7.0 (3.0)	0.3 (0.8)	0.4 (0.8)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	19.0 (9.0)	7.0 (5.0)
No	937	7.0 (2.0)	0.0 (0.5)	0.2 (0.4)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
Z value		-6.86	-10.73	-9.54	-4.52	-6.86	-3.05	-2.31	-4.35
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	<0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	0.0022	0.0211	< 0.0012
Mother's education
Junior secondary and below	975	7.0 (2.0)	0.7 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
High School	358	7.0 (3.0)	0.7 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
University and above	247	7.0 (2.0)	0.7 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	21.0 (13.0)	7.0 (6.0)
χ2		3.38	0.23	0.33	1.85	0.67	0.50	2.08	2.27
P value		0.185	0.890	0.853	0.396	0.710	0.779	0.353	0.322
Father's education
Junior secondary and below	963	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (5.0)
High School	348	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.5)	19.0 (12.0)	7.0 (6.0)
University and above	269	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.1)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.5)	7.0 (6.0)
χ2		4.88	0.54	0.68	2.08	2.05	2.18	1.95	1.11
P value		0.087	0.763	0.711	0.354	3.359	0.337	0.378	0.575
Health condition
Poor (grade 1-3)	28	4.5 (4.0)	0.9 (1.3)	0.9 (1.4)	0.7 (0.8)	0.2 (0.6)	0.0 (0.5)	14.0 (11.5)	8.5 (6.5)
General (grade 4-6)	239	6.0 (2.0)	0.5 (0.7)	0.6 (0.6)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	17.0 (10.0)	8.0 (6.0)
Good (grade 7-10)	1313	7.0 (2.0)	0.2 (0.5)	0.2 (0.4)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	20.0 (12.0)	6.0 (5.0)
χ2		168.63	113.22	91.40	20.51	97.75	21.05	24.56	21.62
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012
Exercise intensity
Weak (grade 1-3)	272	5.0 (3.0)	0.5 (0.7)	0.4 (0.6)	0.7 (0.7)	0.0 (0.2)	0.0 (0.5)	17.5 (10.0)	8.0 (6.0)
General (grade 4-6)	702	7.0 (3.0)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.6)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	19.0 (11.3)	7.0 (6.0)
Strong (7-10)	606	8.0 (2.0)	0.0 (0.3)	0.2 (0.4)	0.5 (0.7)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	21.0 (12.0)	6.0 (6.0)
χ2		382.38	129.73	91.37	21.38	43.24	17.25	17.13	22.50
P value		< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012	< 0.0012

¹P < 0.05.

²P < 0.01 (two-tailed).

Table 2 Correlation analysis of online learning satisfaction, mental status and characteristics

Factors	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Online learning satisfaction	-
Depression	-0.3073	-
Neurasthenia	-0.2453	0.6243	-
Fear	0.0913	0.3813	0.5753	-
Compulsion-anxiety	0.1933	0.5313	0.4903	0.3013	-
Hypochondria	-0.0752	0.2713	0.3973	0.4633	0.2893	-
Positive coping style	0.1223	-0.0852	-0.0893	0.0571	-0.1043	-0.001	-
Negative coping style	-0.0893	0.2743	0.2643	0.2203	0.2123	0.1623	0.3633	-
Age	-0.0933	0.0692	0.054	0.030	0.005	0.043	0.023	0.036	-
Father's education	0.0551	0.005	-0.018	-0.024	0.024	-0.013	0.031	0.026	-0.0571	-
Online status	0.1713	-0.0993	0.1183	-0.044	0.1113	-0.017	0.0802	-0.020	-0.018	-0.019	-
Exercise intensity	0.5373	-0.3053	-0.2643	-0.1193	-0.1693	-0.0973	0.1113	-0.1133	-0.1843	0.044	0.0732	-
Health condition	0.4183	-0.3513	-0.2983	-0.1663	-0.2903	-0.1823	0.1013	-0.1613	-0.1803	0.020	0.0963	0.4623	-
Average time attention to epidemic	-0.1323	0.035	-0.005	-0.0883	0.023	-0.029	-0.0943	0.010	0.019	-0.016	-0.022	-0.1443	-0.1383	-
Whether regular schedule	0.2513	-0.2903	-0.2513	-0.1163	-0.1773	-0.0561	0.1593	-0.0983	-0.044	0.0601	0.1053	0.2843	0.2243	-0.030	-
Whether bored at home for long time	0.1733	-0.2703	-0.2043	-0.1143	-0.1733	-0.0772	0.0581	-0.1103	-0.0531	-0.013	0.0913	0.1213	0.1043	-0.016	0.1833	-

¹P < 0 .05.

²P < 0 .01.

³P < 0.001 (two-tailed).

Table 3 Demographic characteristics with online learning satisfaction (Model 1)

Variable	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients beta	t value	P value
	B	Std. Error
Can online learning at schedule (reference)
Can not online learning at schedule	-2.490	0.394	-0.129	-6.327	< 0.001
No network or not well	-0.981	0.236	-0.085	-4.156	< 0.001
Exercise intensity	0.334	0.020	0.401	16.860	< 0.001
Health condition	0.166	0.025	0.158	6.671	< 0.001
Whether regular schedule
No (reference)
Yes	0.266	0.094	0.061	2.828	0.005
Average time attention to epidemic
< 1 h (reference)
Not concerned	-0.889	0.223	-0.082	-3.989	< 0.001
Whether bored at home for long time
Yes (reference)
No	0.343	0.082	0.087	4.199	< 0.001

Table 4 Metal status with online learning satisfaction (Model 2)

Variable	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients beta	t value	P value
	B	Std. Error
Depression	-0.776	0.134	-0.199	-5.807	< 0.001
Neurasthenia	-0.654	0.151	-0.163	-4.334	< 0.001
Fear	0.337	0.111	0.087	3.031	0.002

Table 5 Metal status with online learning satisfaction (Model 3)

Variable	Unstandardized coefficients		Unstandardized coefficients	t value	P value
	B	Std. Error
Positive coping style	0.040	0.006	0.172	6.383	< 0.001
negative coping style	-0.061	0.012	-0.140	-5.183	< 0.001