Correlation between cognitive impairment and metabolic imbalance of gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia

Table 1 Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum level in the two groups

Name of bacteria	Case group, n = 498	Control group, n = 498	T value	P value
Actinomycetota	2.95 ± 5.62	2.18 ± 3.60	2.575	0.01
Bacteroidota	34.27 ± 19.53	26.84 ± 16.07	6.556	0.001
Euryarchaeota	0.16 ± 0.57	0.00 ± 0.00	6.264	0.001
Bacillota	48.82 ± 17.96	61.37 ± 14.49	12.14	0.001
Fusobacteria	0.08 ± 0.57	0.02 ± 0.07	2.332	0.019
Pseudomonadota	15.82 ± 20.13	7.68 ± 11.59	7.82	0.001
Saccharibacteria	0.49 ± 0.27	0.01 ± 0.01	39.65	0.001
Tenericutes	0.23 ± 1.14	0.59 ± 1.92	3.598	0.001
Verrucomicrobia	0.57 ± 1.94	1.62 ± 5.19	4.229	0.001
Actinomycetota	2.95 ± 5.62	2.18 ± 3.60	2.575	0.01

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 2 Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the class level in the two groups

Name of bacteria	Case group, n = 498	Control group, n = 498	T value	P value
Class Actinobacteria	2.81 ± 5.64	1.56 ± 2.81	4.427	0.001
Bacilli	2.01 ± 4.28	2.67 ± 5.60	2.090	0.036
Bacteroidia	31.28 ± 19.67	26.68 ± 16.18	4.030	0.001
Betaproteobacteria	1.50 ± 3.29	0.39 ± 0.52	7.437	0.001
Clostridia	45.92 ± 18.62	58.18 ± 13.92	11.770	0.001
Coriobacteriia	0.21 ± 0.49	0.58 ± 1.29	5.984	0.001
Proteobacteria	0.29 ± 0.39	0.15 ± 0.24	6.822	0.001
Blastomycetes	0.96 ± 1.19	0.67 ± 1.20	3.829	0.01
Gammaproteobacteria	13.84 ± 19.67	6.92 ± 11.37	6.797	0.001
Verrucomicrobiae	0.58 ± 1.69	1.82 ± 5.86	4.537	0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 3 Comparative analysis of cognitive scores between the two groups

Cognitive domain	Case group, n = 498	Control group, n = 498	T value	P value
Attention/alertness	40.27 ± 6.29	51.98 ± 9.92	22.250	0.001
Learning	36.27 ± 10.01	50.69 ± 10.08	22.650	0.001
Memory	40.31 ± 11.26	54.27 ± 7.19	23.320	0.001
Fine motors	37.29 ± 13.27	59.06 ± 7.91	31.450	0.001
Social cognition	41.09 ± 11.08	54.26 ± 10.87	18.930	0.001
Executive function	40.18 ± 7.04	52.37 ± 5.09	31.310	0.001
Conversion	41.06 ± 7.21	49.57 ± 7.61	18.120	0.001
Inhibition	38.62 ± 9.51	54.63 ± 9.67	26.340	0.001
Planning	42.14 ± 13.01	52.67 ± 10.17	14.230	0.001
Working memory	42.09 ± 13.02	53.19 ± 9.06	15.620	0.001
Category fluency	39.86 ± 10.05	53.18 ± 9.07	21.960	0.001
Information processing	33.43 ± 9.14	48.45 ± 7.39	28.520	0.001
Total score	40.64 ± 7.17	51.14 ± 5.29	26.300	0.001

Data are presented as mean ± SD of points.

Table 4 Correlation analysis between the total cognitive score and gut microbiota at the phylum level

Name of bacteria	Total cognitive score
	R value	P value
Actinomycetota	6.591	0.001
Bacteroidota	5.625	0.016
Euryarchaeota	6.281	0.183
Bacillota	0.976	0.281
Fusobacteria	2.190	0.026
Pseudomonadota	6.364	0.018
Saccharibacteria	5.196	0.037
Tenericutes	0.623	0.001
Verrucomicrobia	0.191	0.006

Table 5 Correlation analysis between the total cognitive score and gut microbiota at the class level

Name of bacteria	Total cognitive score
	R value	P value
Actinobacteria	3.257	0.001
Bacilli	0.981	0.001
Bacteroidia	6.294	0.001
Betaproteobacteria	6.281	0.016
Clostridia	0.124	0.015
Coriobacteriia	0.293	0.019
Proteobacteria	6.270	0.008
Blastomycetes	5.671	0.006
Gammaproteobacteria	4.195	0.005
Verrucomicrobiae	0.549	0.010