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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2022; 12(9): 1169-1182
Published online Sep 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1169
Published online Sep 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1169
Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of active and sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation groups
Active rTMS (n = 25) | Sham rTMS (n = 22) | χ2 or F | P value | |
Sex (male/female) | 12/13 | 11/11 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
Age (yr) | 45.9 ± 10.0 | 45.1 ± 10.4 | 0.05 | 0.83 |
Education (yr) | 13.0 ± 4.7 | 12.5 ± 5.7 | 0.11 | 0.74 |
Age of onset (yr) | 22.3 ± 6.3 | 25.2 ± 7.5 | 2.48 | 0.13 |
Antipsychotics | 0.42 | 0.94 | ||
Clozapine | 14 | 12 | ||
Quetiapine | 3 | 4 | ||
Aripiprazole | 3 | 2 | ||
Risperidone | 3 | 1 | ||
Olanzapine | 1 | 2 | ||
Chlorpromazine | 1 | 1 | ||
Daily antipsychotic dose (mg) (chlorpromazine equivalent) | 323.5 ± 193.1 | 341.7 ± 168.7 | 0.08 | 0.78 |
PANSS total score | 72.1 ± 15.3 | 69.3 ± 11.5 | 0.45 | 0.51 |
P-subscore | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 3.52 | 0.07 |
N-subscore | 26.7 ± 7.5 | 25.9 ± 6.9 | 0.25 | 0.62 |
G-subscore | 33.8 ± 6.0 | 33.4 ± 5.4 | 0.01 | 0.91 |
SANS total score | 88.1 ± 17.9 | 88.1 ± 15.2 | 0.18 | 0.68 |
Affect flattening | 23.5 ± 5.8 | 24.1 ± 5.8 | 0.09 | 0.76 |
Alogia | 16.0 ± 4.6 | 16.3 ± 3.4 | 0.12 | 0.73 |
Avolition-apathy | 14.0 ± 3.1 | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 0.05 | 0.83 |
Anhedonia-Asociality | 21.4 ± 3.3 | 21.7 ± 3.2 | 0.27 | 0.61 |
Attention | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 11.4 ± 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.66 |
PRM-number correct | 14.7 ± 4.0 | 15.5 ± 3.7 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
PRM-percent correct (%) | 61.3 ± 16.9 | 64.6 ± 15.6 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
Table 2 Cognitive performance measures and clinical symptoms at baseline, week 4, and week 8 in active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation groups
Baseline (n = 47) | Week 4 (n = 41) | Week 8 (n = 38) | Group F (P value) | Time F (P value) | Group × Time F (P value) | |
PRM-number correct | 1.37 (0.25) | 13.2 (< 0.001) | 22.1 (< 0.001) | |||
rTMS (n = 25) | 14.7 ± 4.0 | 15.1 ± 3.8 | 19.2 ± 2.7c | |||
Sham (n = 22) | 15.5 ± 3.7 | 14.9 ± 4.4 | 14.6 ± 4.1 | |||
SANS total score | 0.89 (0.35) | 38.11 (< 0.001) | 11.36 (0.002) | |||
rTMS | 88.1 ± 17.9 | 79.0 ± 21.5 | 72.5 ± 16.8a | |||
Sham | 88.1 ± 15.2 | 83.6 ± 19.2 | 83.5 ± 20.5 | |||
Affect flattening | 0.39 (0.54) | 43.56 (< 0.001) | 6.83 (0.013) | |||
rTMS | 23.5 ± 5.8 | 20.1 ± 6.7 | 18.8 ± 4.8 | |||
Sham | 24.1 ± 5.8 | 22.5 ± 5.9 | 21.9 ± 6.7 | |||
Alogia | 0.23 (0.64) | 8.27 (0.007) | 5.30 (0.027) | |||
rTMS | 16.0 ± 4.6 | 15.0 ± 4.7 | 13.6 ± 3.6 | |||
Sham | 16.3 ± 3.4 | 15.9 ± 4.1 | 16.1 ± 5.1 | |||
Avolition-apathy | 1.56 (0.22) | 29.56 (< 0.001) | 10.00 (0.003) | |||
rTMS | 14.0 ± 3.1 | 12.4 ± 3.5 | 11.4 ± 2.6a | |||
Sham | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 14.1 ± 3.9 | 14.0 ± 3.9 | |||
Anhedonia-Asociality | 1.48 (0.23) | 1.48 (0.23) | 3.84 (0.058) | |||
rTMS | 21.4 ± 3.3 | 20.0 ± 3.9 | 29.9 ± 6.5a | |||
Sham | 21.7 ± 3.2 | 20.8 ± 3.8 | 31.9 ± 6.0 | |||
Attention | 0.70 (0.41) | 37.00 (< 0.001) | 11.61 (0.002) | |||
rTMS | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 2.9 | 8.7 ± 2.2a | |||
Sham | 11.4 ± 3.0 | 10.4 ± 3.7 | 10.6 ± 3.5 | |||
PANSS total score | 0.03 (0.86) | 60.02 (< 0.001) | 8.42 (0.006) | |||
rTMS | 72.1 ± 15.3 | 65.3 ± 15.9 | 64.6 ± 16.8 | |||
Sham | 69.3 ± 11.5 | 61.9 ± 16.6 | 63.1 ± 14.3 | |||
P-subscore | 2.99 (0.09) | 1.05 (0.313) | 0.50 (0.49) | |||
rTMS | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 12.4 ± 4.0 | 12.5 ± 4.0 | |||
Sham | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 10.5 ± 3.9 | 10.3 ± 3.6 | |||
N-subscore | 0.01 (0.93) | 77.76 (< 0.001) | 10.12 (0.003) | |||
rTMS | 26.7 ± 7.5 | 22.8 ± 8.8 | 21.0 ± 7.1 | |||
Sham | 25.9 ± 6.9 | 22.6 ± 7.5 | 23.1 ± 7.6 | |||
G-subscore | 0.31 (0.58) | 37.90 (< 0.001) | 5.38 (0.026) | |||
rTMS | 33.8 ± 6.0 | 30.3 ± 6.6 | 29.9 ± 6.5 | |||
Sham | 33.4 ± 5.4 | 31.7 ± 6.2 | 31.9 ± 6.0 |
- Citation: Du XD, Li Z, Yuan N, Yin M, Zhao XL, Lv XL, Zou SY, Zhang J, Zhang GY, Li CW, Pan H, Yang L, Wu SQ, Yue Y, Wu YX, Zhang XY. Delayed improvements in visual memory task performance among chronic schizophrenia patients after high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(9): 1169-1182
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i9/1169.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1169