Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2022; 12(9): 1169-1182
Published online Sep 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1169
Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of active and sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation groups

Active rTMS (n = 25)
Sham rTMS (n = 22)
χ2 or F
P value
Sex (male/female)12/1311/110.020.89
Age (yr) 45.9 ± 10.045.1 ± 10.40.050.83
Education (yr)13.0 ± 4.712.5 ± 5.70.110.74
Age of onset (yr) 22.3 ± 6.325.2 ± 7.52.480.13
Antipsychotics 0.420.94
Clozapine1412
Quetiapine34
Aripiprazole32
Risperidone31
Olanzapine12
Chlorpromazine11
Daily antipsychotic dose (mg) (chlorpromazine equivalent)323.5 ± 193.1341.7 ± 168.70.080.78
PANSS total score 72.1 ± 15.369.3 ± 11.50.450.51
P-subscore12.6 ± 4.010.0 ± 3.33.520.07
N-subscore26.7 ± 7.525.9 ± 6.90.250.62
G-subscore 33.8 ± 6.033.4 ± 5.40.010.91
SANS total score88.1 ± 17.988.1 ± 15.20.180.68
Affect flattening23.5 ± 5.824.1 ± 5.80.090.76
Alogia16.0 ± 4.616.3 ± 3.40.120.73
Avolition-apathy14.0 ± 3.114.6 ± 3.10.050.83
Anhedonia-Asociality 21.4 ± 3.321.7 ± 3.20.270.61
Attention11.6 ± 2.311.4 ± 3.00.20.66
PRM-number correct14.7 ± 4.015.5 ± 3.70.470.5
PRM-percent correct (%)61.3 ± 16.964.6 ± 15.60.470.5
Table 2 Cognitive performance measures and clinical symptoms at baseline, week 4, and week 8 in active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation groups

Baseline (n = 47)
Week 4 (n = 41)
Week 8 (n = 38)
Group F (P value)
Time F (P value)
Group × Time F (P value)
PRM-number correct 1.37 (0.25)13.2 (< 0.001)22.1 (< 0.001)
rTMS (n = 25)14.7 ± 4.015.1 ± 3.819.2 ± 2.7c
Sham (n = 22)15.5 ± 3.714.9 ± 4.414.6 ± 4.1
SANS total score 0.89 (0.35)38.11 (< 0.001)11.36 (0.002)
rTMS 88.1 ± 17.979.0 ± 21.572.5 ± 16.8a
Sham88.1 ± 15.283.6 ± 19.283.5 ± 20.5
Affect flattening 0.39 (0.54)43.56 (< 0.001)6.83 (0.013)
rTMS 23.5 ± 5.820.1 ± 6.718.8 ± 4.8
Sham24.1 ± 5.822.5 ± 5.921.9 ± 6.7
Alogia0.23 (0.64)8.27 (0.007)5.30 (0.027)
rTMS 16.0 ± 4.615.0 ± 4.713.6 ± 3.6
Sham16.3 ± 3.415.9 ± 4.116.1 ± 5.1
Avolition-apathy 1.56 (0.22)29.56 (< 0.001)10.00 (0.003)
rTMS 14.0 ± 3.112.4 ± 3.511.4 ± 2.6a
Sham14.6 ± 3.114.1 ± 3.914.0 ± 3.9
Anhedonia-Asociality1.48 (0.23)1.48 (0.23)3.84 (0.058)
rTMS 21.4 ± 3.320.0 ± 3.929.9 ± 6.5a
Sham21.7 ± 3.220.8 ± 3.831.9 ± 6.0
Attention0.70 (0.41)37.00 (< 0.001)11.61 (0.002)
rTMS 11.6 ± 2.39.9 ± 2.98.7 ± 2.2a
Sham11.4 ± 3.010.4 ± 3.710.6 ± 3.5
PANSS total score0.03 (0.86)60.02 (< 0.001)8.42 (0.006)
rTMS 72.1 ± 15.365.3 ± 15.964.6 ± 16.8
Sham69.3 ± 11.561.9 ± 16.663.1 ± 14.3
P-subscore2.99 (0.09)1.05 (0.313)0.50 (0.49)
rTMS 12.6 ± 4.012.4 ± 4.012.5 ± 4.0
Sham10.0 ± 3.310.5 ± 3.910.3 ± 3.6
N-subscore0.01 (0.93)77.76 (< 0.001)10.12 (0.003)
rTMS 26.7 ± 7.522.8 ± 8.821.0 ± 7.1
Sham25.9 ± 6.922.6 ± 7.523.1 ± 7.6
G-subscore 0.31 (0.58)37.90 (< 0.001)5.38 (0.026)
rTMS 33.8 ± 6.030.3 ± 6.629.9 ± 6.5
Sham33.4 ± 5.431.7 ± 6.231.9 ± 6.0