Effect of distinct psychological interventions on changes in self-reported distress, depression and loneliness among older adults during COVID-19

Table 1 Correlation matrix of study variables (n = 64)

	Loneliness	Depression	SUDS1	SUDS_2_3	SUDS4	SUDS5	SUDS_6_7	Age	Subjective health
Loneliness	1
Depression	-0.01
SUDS1	0.12	-0.18	1
SUDS_2_3	-0.33b	-0.36b	0.57b	1
SUDS4	0.21	-0.30	0.21	0.52b	1
SUDS5	-0.02	-0.20	-0.09	0.24	0.31a	1
SUDS_6_7	0.07	-.40b	0.26	0.48b	0.42b	0.50b	1
Age	-0.16	-.27a	0.14	0.03	-0.13	-0.10	-0.08	1
Subjective health	0.02	-0.13	0.27	0.20	0.14	0.07	0.10	-0.15	1

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

All Subjective Units of Distress Scale variables are delta differences.

Table 2 Multivariate regression (with post-intervention Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score as dependent variable)

	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients		95% confidence interval for β		P value
	β	Std. Error	β	t	Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	8.248	7.321		1.127	-6.417	22.913	0.265
Age	-0.099	0.094	-0.110	-1.057	-0.287	0.089	0.295
Sex	-0.655	1.239	-0.055	-0.529	-3.136	1.826	0.599
SUDS_2_3	0.040	0.317	0.014	0.127	-0.594	0.675	0.899
SUDS_6_7	-0.666	0.281	-0.255	-2.367	-1.230	-0.102	0.021
PHQ_SUM_1	0.563	0.095	0.626	5.948	0.374	0.753	0.000

n = 62, adjusted r² = 52.2%, F = 14.138, P < 0.001.

Table 3 Multivariate regression (with post-intervention UCLA loneliness score as dependent variable)

	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients		95% confidence interval for β		P value
	β	Std. Error	β	t	Lower bound	Upper bound
(Constant)	7.805	3.237		2.411	1.323	14.287	0.019
Age	-0.045	0.041	-0.147	-1.100	-0.126	0.037	0.276
Sex	-0.071	0.540	-0.017	-0.132	-1.152	1.010	0.896
SUDS_2_3	-0.399	0.129	-0.416	3.092	-0.657	-0.140	0.003
Lonely_1	0.155	0.109	0.195	1.427	-0.063	0.373	0.159

n = 62, adjusted r² = 11%, F = 2.847, P = 0.03.