Believing processes during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals with bipolar disorder: An exploratory study

Table 1 Differences in the psychiatric symptoms and the credition parameters between the bipolar individuals and controls

	Bipolar		Control		F	P value	η2p
	M	SD	M	SD
BSI-18	13.21	13.45	3.83	4.23	23.05	< 0.001	0.18
BDI-II	12.08	10.92	2.77	3.54	34.22	< 0.001	0.25
ASRM	1.52	2.73	0.94	1.60	1.731,2	0.192
PSQI	7.08	4.26	4.12	2.34	19.30	< 0.001	0.16
Positive propositions	3.15	1.80	4.08	1.57	7.78	0.006	0.07
Negative propositions	1.63	1.70	0.81	1.10	8.89	0.004	0.08
Indifferent propositions	1.23	1.17	1.12	1.00	0.29	0.590
Positive emotions	3.10	2.31	4.54	1.49	14.31	< 0.001	0.12
Negative emotions	2.65	2.34	1.06	1.34	18.232,3	< 0.001	0.18
Indifferent emotions	0.25	0.65	0.38	0.75	0.96	0.329
Incongruence4	2.13	1.39	1.38	1.09	9.42	0.003	0.08
Certainty5	80.49	15.67	86.35	10.44	5.03	0.027	0.05
Mightiness5	78.11	13.91	77.20	15.98	0.10	0.757

¹Welch´s F.

²df_error = 82.46.

³df_error = 80.98.

⁴Incongruence between the propositions and the emotions.

⁵In percent.

Bold letters: Bonferroni corrected significant differences. df = 1; df_error = 102; BSI-18: Brief-Symptom Inventory-18; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory; ASRM: Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 2 Word frequencies for item 2 (“When I think about my body, I believe”) in the Believing Questionnaire for the two groups

BD			HC
Word	Frequency	%1	Word	Frequency	%1
I	31	8.8	I	28	10.3
Optimistic	8	2.3	Good	10	3.7
More	7	2.0	Content	8	2.9
My	7	2.0	Body	6	2.2
Not	6	1.7	Everything	6	2.2
Should	6	1.7	Healthy	6	2.2
Content	5	1.4	More	6	2.2
Could	5	1.4	Exercise	5	1.8
Happy	5	1.4	My	5	1.8
Much	5	1.4	Optimistic	5	1.8
Thick	5	1.42	Fit	4	1.47
Better	4	1.14	Fitter	4	1.47
Expectant	4	1.14	Myself	4	1.47
Good	4	1.14	Should	4	1.47
Age	3	0.85	Unconcerned	4	1.47
Always	3	0.85	Worried	4	1.47
Confident	3	0.85	Calm	3	1.10
Fearful	3	0.85	Could	3	1.10
Fits	3	0.85	Fits	3	1.10
Make	3	0.85	Self-confident	3	1.10
Me	3	0.85	Sports	3	1.10
Myself	3	0.85
Okay	3	0.85
Quite	3	0.85
Unhappy	3	0.85
Very	3	0.85
Yr	3	0.85

¹Shows what percentage of the total words the word represents. BD: Individuals with bipolar disorder; HC: Healthy controls.

Table 3 Word frequencies of item 3 (“When I think about my mental/emotional situation, I believe”) in the Believing Questionnaire for the two groups

BD			HC
Word	Frequency	%1	Word	Frequency	%1
I	55	11.3	I	32	11.0
Good	12	2.5	Content	13	4.5
Me	11	2.3	Good	11	3.8
Myself	11	2.3	Balanced	7	2.4
Content	10	2.1	Calm	7	2.4
Not	8	1.7	Me	7	2.4
Better	7	1.4	Myself	7	2.4
Everything	7	1.4	Optimistic	7	2.4
Completely	6	1.2	Stable	7	2.4
Happy	6	1.2	Very	6	2.1
My	6	1.23	Reassured	5	1.71
Like	5	1.03	Carefree	4	1.37
Can	4	0.82	Everything	4	1.37
Confident	4	0.82	Expectant	4	1.37
Depressed	4	0.82	Happy	4	1.37
Much	4	0.82	Not	4	1.37
Optimistic	4	0.82	Better	3	1.03
Sad	4	0.82	Confident	3	1.03
Stable	4	0.82	Psychologically	3	1.03
Balanced	3	0.62	Self-confident	3	1.03
Currently	3	0.62	Strong	3	1.03
Feel	3	0.62
Now	3	0.62
Room	3	0.62
Still	3	0.62
Time	3	0.62

¹Shows what percentage of the total words the word represents. BD: Bipolar disorder; HC: Healthy controls.

Table 4 Bipolar group: Bonferroni adjusted Spearman correlations between the parameters of the Believing Questionnaire and the psychiatric symptoms

	BSI-18	Somatization2	Depression2	Anxiety2	BDI-II	ASRM	PSQI
Positive propositions	-0.66c	-0.38b	-0.72c	-0.56c	-0.56c	0.20	-0.51c
Negative propositions	0.54c	0.38b	-0.60c	0.42b	0.63c	-0.21	0.54c
Indifferent propositions	0.28a	0.11	0.25	0.32a	-0.05	-0.02	0.06
Positive emotions	-0.70c	-0.47b	-0.71c	-0.62c	-0.79c	0.09	-0.59c
Negative emotions	0.66c	0.44b	0.68c	0.58c	0.77c	-0.14	0.62c
Indifferent emotions	0.07	-0.04	-0.04	0.19	-0.10	0.10	-0.22
Incongruence1	0.28a	0.18	0.31a	0.18	0.20	-0.16	0.17
Certainty	-0.20	-0.21	-0.17	-0.12	-0.17	0.03	-0.16
Mightiness	0.03	-0.05	0.08	0.07	0.09	0.05	0.08

¹Incongruence between the propositions and the emotions.

²Subscales of the BSI-18.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Bold letters: Bonferroni corrected significant correlations. BSI-18: Brief-Symptom Inventory-18; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory; ASRM: Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 5 Bipolar group: Bonferroni adjusted Spearman correlations between the parameters of the Believing Questionnaire

	Pos. Pro.	Neg. Pro.	Ind. Pro.	Pos. Emo.	Neg. Emo.	Ind. Emo.	Incongruence1	Certainty	Mightiness
Pos. Pro.
Neg. Pro.	-0.78c
Ind. Pro.	-0.44b	-0.15
Pos. Emo.	0.67c	-0.61c	-0.10
Neg. Emo.	-0.68c	0.63c	0.10	-0.96c
Ind. Emo.	0.00	-0.14	0.19	-0.09	-0.11
Incongruence	-0.37b	0.04	0.55c	-0.31a	0.29a	0.11
Certainty	0.23	-0.19	0.04	0.26	-0.26	-0.04	-0.07
Mightiness	-0.05	0.12	0.01	-0.01	0.02	-0.18	-0.04	0.66c

¹Incongruence between the propositions and the emotions.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Bold letters: Bonferroni corrected significant differences. Pos.: Positive; Neg.: Negative; Ind.: Indifferent; Pro.: Propositions; Emo.: Emotions.

Table 6 Control group: Bonferroni adjusted Spearman correlations between the parameters of the Believing Questionnaire

	Pos. Pro.	Neg. Pro.	Ind. Pro.	Pos. Emo.	Neg. Emo.	Ind. Emo.	Incongruence1	Certainty	Mightiness
Pos. Pro.
Neg. Pro.	-0.74c
Ind. Pro.	-0.77c	0.16
Pos. Emo.	0.61c	-0.40b	-0.50c
Neg. Emo.	-0.56c	0.52c	0.35a	-0.86c
Ind. Emo.	-0.20	-0.06	0.33a	-0.51c	0.11
Incongruence	-0.58c	0.33a	0.55c	-0.34a	0.44b	0.01
Certainty	0.11	0.01	-0.10	0.12	-0.13	-.12	-0.18
Mightiness	0.26	-0.12	-0.22	0.26	-0.19	-0.15	-0.16	0.60c

¹Incongruence between the propositions and the emotions.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Bold letters: Bonferroni corrected significant differences. Pos.: Positive; Neg.: Negative; Ind.: Indifferent; Pro.: Propositions; Emo.: Emotions.