Cross-sectional study of traumatic stress disorder in frontline nurses 6 mo after the outbreak of the COVID-19 in Wuhan

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and its subscales among study participants (n = 757)

Variables	Characteristics	Total n (%)	PTSD n (%)		χ2	P value
			No	Yes
Sex	Male	69 (9.1)	64 (8.5)	5 (0.7)	2.526	0.112
	Female	688 (90.9)	591 (78.1)	97 (12.8)
Age	< 25	132 (17.4)	116 (15.3)	16 (2.1)	3.859	0.452
	26-30	232 (30.6)	205 (27.1)	27 (3.6)
	31-35	183 (24.2)	156 (20.6)	27 (3.6)
	36-40	88 (11.6)	71 (9.4)	17 (2.2)
	> 40	122 (16.1)	107 (14.1)	15 (2.0)
Marital status	Married	492 (65.0)	422 (55.7)	70 (9.2)	0.684	0.408
	Single/Divorced/Other	265 (35.0)	233 (30.8)	32 (42.2)
Education	Secondary education	98 (12.9)	82 (10.8)	16 (2.1)	0.842	0.656
	Bachelor’s degree	585 (77.3)	508 (67.1)	77 (10.2)
	Postgraduate/Doctoral degree	74 (9.8)	65 (8.6)	9 (1.2)
Working years	0-2	114 (15.1)	101 (13.3)	13 (1.7)	1.289	0.863
	3-5	148 (19.6)	128 (16.9)	20 (2.6)
	6-10	219 (28.9)	191 (25.2)	28 (3.7)
	11-20	178 (23.5)	150 (19.8)	28 (3.7)
	≥ 20	98 (12.9)	85 (11.2)	13 (1.7)
Previous anti-epidemic experience	No	694 (97.1)	600 (79.3)	94 (12.4)	0.035	0.851
	Yes	63 (8.3)	55 (7.3)	8 (1.1)
Nurse infected by COVID-19	No	732	634	98	0.141	0.707
	Yes	25	21	4
A relative, friend or colleague died of COVID-19	No	611 (80.7)	542 (71.6)	69 (9.1)	12.929	0.000b
	Yes	146 (19.3)	113 (14.9)	33 (4.4)
Experienced stigma	No	596 (78.7)	536 (70.8)	60 (7.9)	27.902	0.000b
	Yes	161 (21.3)	119 (15.7)	42 (5.5)
Received praise	No	504 (66.6)	425 (56.1)	79 (10.4)	6.262	0.012a
	Yes	253 (33.4)	230 (30.4)	23 (3.0)
Resilience (CD-RISC-10)	< 30	540 (71.3)	442 (58.4)	98 (12.9)	35.297	0.000b
	≥ 30	217 (28.7)	213 (28.1)	4 (0.5)
Depression (PHQ-2)	< 3	573 (75.7)	541 (71.5)	32 (4.2)	125.861	0.000b
	≥ 3	184 (24.3)	114 (15.1)	70 (9.2)
Anxiety (GAD-2)	< 3	595 (78.6)	558 (73.7)	37 (4.9)	125.549	0.000b
	≥ 3	162 (21.4)	97 (12.8)	65 (8.6)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; CD-RISC-10: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2; GAD-2: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2.

Table 2 Logistic regression analyses for posttraumatic stress disorder (N = 757)

	B	SE	Wald	Sig	Exp (B)	95% Confidence interval
						Lower bound	Upper bound
A relative, friend or colleague died of COVID-19 (No)	0.800	0.283	7.969	0.005	2.226	1.277	3.879
Experienced stigma (No)	1.111	0.270	16.974	0.000	3.038	1.791	5.154
Received praised (No)	-0.816	0.288	8.042	0.005	0.442	0.252	0.777
Resilience < 30	-1.662	0.540	9.475	0.002	0.190	0.066	0.547
Depression < 3	1.288	0.322	15.962	0.000	3.625	1.927	6.818
Anxiety < 3	1.348	0.321	17.678	0.000	3.849	2.053	7.214
Constant	-5.010	0.999	25.134	0.000	0.007

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.