Overlap of orthorexia, eating attitude and psychological distress in some Italian and Spanish university students

doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1298

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 12, Issue 10

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (5253)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Figures (1-3) series, Tables (1-4) series.

Item

Count

PDF

220

WORD

HTML

2259

Figures (1-3)

245

Tables (1-4)

284

Sum=3064

Featured Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

262

Download

886

Sum=1148

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

357

Download

684

Sum=1041

Oct 19, 2022 (publication date) through Feb 27, 2025

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (4)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Psychiatry

ISSN

2220-3206

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Psychiatry. Oct 19, 2022; 12(10): 1298-1312
Published online Oct 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1298

Table 1 Students’ characteristics

	IT-F, n = 59	IT-M, n = 41	SP-F, n = 33	SP-M, n = 27
Age (yr)	24 (23-28)	25 (23-28)	23 (21-28)	24 (24-26)
Height (m)	1.64 ± 0.06^a	1.78 ± 0.08^a	1.63 ± 0.06^a	1.78 ± 0.07^a
Weight (kg)	55.9 (53.0-61.0)^a	77.0 (70.9-87.5)^a	58.7 (52.4-66.5)^a	76.3 (67.1-82.0)^a
BMI (kg/m²)	20.7 (19.4-22.4)^a	24.5 (22.1-27.1)^a	23.3 (20.2-24.5)	24.1 (21.8-25.5)
Underweight (%)	11.9	0.0	9.1	3.7
Overweight (%)	6.8	31.7	15.1	25.9
Obese (%)	5.1	9.7	3.0	3.7
IPAQ (MET-min/wk)	2232 (1080-4986)	4380 (2305-6277)	2100 (1202-4395)^a	4970 (2575-6780)^a
IPAQ walking	630 (315-1260)	700 (488-1323)	525 (244-1230)	600 (240-1470)
IPAQ moderate	720 (160-1680)	600 (240-1440)	600 (240-1440)	720 (120-1440)
IPAQ intense	480 (0-1920)^a	2160 (400-3840)^a	800 (0-1680)^a	2400 (960-4320)^a
PA low (%)	16.9	7.3	18.2	7.4
PA moderate (%)	40.7	19.5	36.4	14.8
PA high (%)	42.4	73.2	45.5	77.8
Smokers (%)
Habitual	15.3	19.5	9.1	7.7
Occasional	16.9	19.5	15.2	15.4
Ex-smokers	8.5	9.8	9.1	3.8
K10	15.0 (13.0-19.0)	14.0 (12.0-17.0)	19.0 (15.0-27.5)	17.0 (14.0-20.0)
Mild (%)	11.9	0.0^b	15.2	25.9^b
Moderate (%)	6.9	9.8	18.2	3.7
Severe (%)	5.1	4.9	15.2	3.7

^aP < 0.05 between females and males within country.

^bP < 0.05 between Italians and Spaniards within sex.

Categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Continuous variables are expressed as means with standard deviation (Shapiro-Wilk Test passed), or as median (25%-75% range, Shapiro-Wilk Test failed). BMI: Body mass index; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IT-F: Italian females; IT-M: Italian males; K10: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; SP-F: Spanish females; SP-M: Spanish males; PA: Physical activity.

Table 2 Body image concerns

	IT-F, n = 59	IT-M, n = 41	SP-F, n = 33	SP-M, n = 27
MBSRQ	227.0 ± 21.7	231.6 ± 27.6^b	227.9 ± 24.3^a	249.3 ± 27.5^a^,^b
MBSRQ-AO	3.3 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.5^b	3.5 ± 0.5	3.5 ± 0.5^b
MBSRQ-FO	3.4 (3.0-3.9)	3.5 (3.2-4.2)	3.5 (3.0-4.0)^a	4.2 (3.6-4.4)^a
MBSRQ-HOr	3.4 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.6^a	3.6 ± 0.6^a
MBSRQ-IO	3.3 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 0.6
MBSRQ-AS	3.1 ± 0.3	3.1 ± 0.4^b	3.1 ± 0.4^a	3.4 ± 0.4^a^,^b
MBSRQ-BASS	3.2 ± 0.7	3.4 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.8^a	3.5 ± 0.7^a
MBSRQ-OP	2.0 (1.8-2.8)	2.5 (1.8-3.0)	2.5 (2.1-3.0)	2.5 (2.0-3.3)
BUT	33.0 (19.0-61.0)	16.0 (6.0-39.0)	60.0 (30.5-82.0)	35.0 (21.0-74.0)
BUT-A	16.0 (9.0-36.0)	10.0 (2.0-20.0)	33.0 (12.5-51.0)	18.0 (13.0-42.0)
BUT-A - WP	0.9 (0.4-1.6)^b	0.5 (0.1-1.0)	1.8 (0.8-2.6)^b	1.1 (0.6-1.8)
BUT-A - BIC	0.7 (0.2-1.3)^a	0.2 (0.0-0.9)^a	0.9 (0.5-1.6)	0.6 (0.2-1.6)
BUT-B	15.0 (7.0-31.0)	11.0 (3.5-21.0)	25.5 (14.0-42.5)	21.0 (8.0-36.0)

^aP < 0.05 between females and males within country.

^bP < 0.05 between Italians and Spaniards within sex.

Categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Continuous variables are expressed as means with standard deviation (Shapiro-Wilk Test passed), or as median (25%-75% range, Shapiro-Wilk Test failed). AO: Appearance orientation; AS: Appearance scales; BASS: Body areas satisfaction scale; BIC: Body image concerns; BUT: Body Uneasiness Test; FO: Fitness orientation; HOr: Health orientation; IO: Illness orientation; IT-F: Italian females; IT-M: Italian males; MBSRQ: Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire; OP: Overweight preoccupation; SP-F: Spanish females; SP-M: Spanish males; WP: Weight phobia.

Table 3 Orthorexia, eating attitude and malnutrition

	IT-F, n = 59	IT-M, n = 41	SP-F, n = 33	SP-M, n = 27
ORTO-15	36.8 ± 3.4^a	36.4 ± 34.2^a	34.2 ± 3.6^a	33.8 ± 3.4^a
Cut-off 40 (%)	76.3^a	70.7^a	97.0^a	96.3^a
Cut-off 35 (%)	23.7^a	36.5	48.5^a	55.5
ORTO-12	30.7 ± 3.0^a	30.4 ± 3.4^a	27.5 ± 2.9^a	27.2 ± 2.7^a
ORTO-11	27.8 ± 2.8^a	27.6 ± 3.4^a	25.2 ± 2.9^a	25.4 ± 3.0^a
Cut-off 25 (%)	11.9^a	19.5^a	36.4^a	25.9^a
ORTO-9	30.4 ± 3.4^a	30.0 ± 3.7^a	27.8 ± 3.2^a	27.1 ± 3.2^a
Cut-off 26.7 (%)	13.6^a	19.5^a	30.3^a	40.7^a
ORTO-7	20.0 (18.0-22.0)^a	19.0 (18.0-21.0)	19.0 (15.5-19.5)^a	19.0 (16.0-19.0)
Cut-off 19 (%)	32.2	29.3	48.5	48.1
EAT-26	6.0 (3.0-10.0)^a	5.0 (3.0-8.5)^a	11.0 (5.0-17.5)^a	13.0 (7.0-17.0)^a
Cut-off 20 (%)	8.5	4.9	21.2	11.1
Dieting	2.0 (0.0-5.0)	2.0 (0.04.5)	4.0 (0.5-9.5)	6.0 (3.0-9.0)
Bulimia	3.0 (3.0-3.0)	3.0 (3.0-3.0)	3.0 (3.0-5.5)	3.0 (3.0-5.0)
SSI	14.0 (8.0-22.0)^a	10.0 (4.5-16.0)^a	24.0 (20.0-43.0)^a	18.0 (12.0-30.0)^a

^aP < 0.05 between Italians and Spaniards within sex. Not significant between females and males within country.

Categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Continuous variables are expressed as means with standard deviation (Shapiro-Wilk Test passed), or as median (25%-75% range, Shapiro-Wilk Test failed). EAT-26: Eating Attitudes Test; IT-F: Italian females; IT-M: Italian males; ORTO: Scores for orthorexia nervosa (ON, reverse scores, lower values indicate high ON); SP-F: Spanish females; SP-M: Spanish males; SSI: Starvation Symptom Inventory.

Table 4 Spearman correlations

	ORTO-15	ORTO-12	ORTO-11	ORTO-9	ORTO-7
BMI (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	-0.184^a	NS
BMI NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg(n = 66)	-0.315^a	-0.304^a	-0.284^a	-0.432^c	NS
SSI (n = 160)	-0.169^a	-0.264^c	-0.223^b	-0.244^b	-0.228^b
EAT-26 (n = 160)	-0.363^c	-0.414^c	-0.349^c	-0.432^c	-0.357^c
Dieting (n = 160)	-0.429^c	-0.444^c	-0.387^c	-0.516^c	-0.307^c
Bulimia (n = 160)	-0.188^a	-0.263^c	-0.180^a	-0.304^c	-0.223^b
BUT (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	NS	-0.160^a
BUT A — WP (n = 160)	NS	-0.187^a	NS	-0.181^a	-0.166^a
BUT B (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	NS	-0.165^a
MBSRQ (n = 160)	-0.354^c	-0.279^c	-0.341^c	-0.414^c	NS
MBSRQ-AO (n = 160)	-0.333^c	-0.296^c	-0.326^c	-0.359^c	-0.177^a
MBSRQ-AO NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	NS	-0.285^a	NS	-0.289^a	NS
MBSRQ-FO (n = 160)	-0.361^c	-0.310^c	-0.358^c	-0.414^c	-0.180^a
MBSRQ-FO NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	-0.304^a	-0.371^a	-0.373^a	-0.450^c	NS
MBSRQ-HOr (n = 160)	-0.341^c	-0.248^b	-0.333^c	-0.402^c	NS
MBSRQ-HOr NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	-0.358^b	-0.408^c	-0.433^c	-0.491^c	NS
MBSRQ-IO (n = 160)	-0.162^a	NS	-0.181^a	NS	NS
MBSRQ-BASS (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	NS	-0.169^a
MBSRQ-OP (n = 160)	-0.177^a	-0.216^b	-0.165^a	-0.302^c	NS
MBSRQ-OP NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	NS	-0.366^b	NS	-0.357^b	NS
MBRSQ-AS (n = 160)	-0.195^a	-0.155^a	-0.161^a	-0.265^c	NS
MBSRQ-AS NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	NS	-0.244^a	NS	-0.306^a	NS
IPAQ (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	-0.183^a	NS
Walking (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	-0.162^a	NS
Intense activity (n = 160)	NS	NS	NS	-0.178^a	NS
Intense activity NW-K10^neg-EAT-26^neg (n = 66)	-0.404^c	-0.330^b	-0.273^a	-0.461^c	NS

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

AO: Appearance orientation; AS: Appearance scales; BASS: Body areas satisfaction scale; BMI: Body mass index; BUT: Body Uneasiness Test; EAT-26: Eating Attitudes Test; FO: Fitness orientation; HOr: Health orientation; IO: Illness orientation; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MBSRQ: Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire; NS: Not significant; NW- K10^neg-EAT-26^neg: Normal weight students excluded those with K10 or EAT-26 positive test; OP: Overweight preoccupation; ORTO: Scores for orthorexia nervosa; SSI: Starvation Symptom Inventory; WP: Weight phobia.

Citation: Aiello P, Toti E, Villaño D, Raguzzini A, Peluso I. Overlap of orthorexia, eating attitude and psychological distress in some Italian and Spanish university students. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(10): 1298-1312
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v12/i10/1298.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1298