Artificial intelligence-assisted psychosis risk screening in adolescents: Practices and challenges

Table 1 Connotations of ethical principles and issues faced by adolescents

Ethical principles	Connotations	Issues faced by adolescents
Respect for autonomy	Ensuring informed consent and informed choice, ensuring that humans have complete and effective autonomy, and requiring that the operation of any artificial intelligence be supervised by humans	Safety and trustworthiness of screening methods; full approval from adolescents and parents; willingness to use artificial intelligence for screening[79]
Nonmaleficence	Privacy, security and “capability warnings”[78]; artificial intelligence technology must be able to strongly resist malicious use, including avoiding harm to the natural environment and all living things	Privacy leakage and data abuse; difficulties in oversight and accountability; adverse effects and stigma with irreversible damage
Beneficence	Must be beneficial for not only the patients but also the medical cause, medical sciences and even the well-being of the entire human race	Screening scales need to be refined; no consensus (such as ethical evaluation acceptance of the technology) among different stakeholders[37]
Justice	Everyone in society has equal rights to reasonably enjoy health resources and participate in the distribution; prosperity is promoted; and unity is maintained	Development of artificial intelligence cannot benefit all groups of young people[12,14,21,22,80]; intergenerational transmission maintains inequality[46,78]