Rathod S, Pallikadavath S, Graves E, Rahman MM, Brooks A, Soomro MG, Rathod P, Phiri P. Impact of lockdown relaxation and implementation of the face-covering policy on mental health: A United Kingdom COVID-19 study. World J Psychiatr 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365 [PMID: 35070782 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Shanaya Rathod, MBBS, MD, MRCP, Professor, Department of Research and Development, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Moorgreen Hospital Botley Road, West End, Southampton SO30 3JB, Hampshire, United Kingdom. Shanaya.rathod@southernhealth.nhs.uk
Research Domain of This Article
Psychiatry
Article-Type of This Article
Observational Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Psychiatr. Dec 19, 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365 Published online Dec 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346
Table 1 Lockdown relaxations in the United Kingdom
Date
Policy changes
July 4, 2020
2-metre distance rule was dropped
Members of two different households have been able to drink or dine together
Households will be able to host visitors, including overnight, and to meet with members of different households, on different occasions – including in a pub, restaurant or hotel, for example
To reopen pubs, campsites, hairdressers, and churches. All these venues will be expected to collect and keep the contact details of visitors, so they can be traced in the event of a local outbreak of the virus
Theatres and concert halls will also be able to reopen but they cannot host live performances because of concerns including the risk that singing can transmit the virus
July 24, 2020
Face mask has become compulsory in shops
Table 2 Sampling distribution of mental health outcomes, demographics, lifestyle changes, and pre-existing health conditions by lockdown periods
Time by lockdown easing policy
May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown phase)
July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation phase)
July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering phase)
Total
Outcome and control variables
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
P value
Total sample
20173
100
4550
100
4145
100
28890
100
Mental health outcomes/scores
GAD-7
Total
15634
100
3379
100
3153
100
22166
100
Missing
4539
1171
992
6711
IES-R
Total
14516
100
3141
100
2961
100
20618
100
Missing
5657
1409
1184
8260
Demographics, lifestyle changes, and pre-existing health conditions
Key worker
No
5400
29.7
1260
31.4
1778
48.8
8438
32.6
Yes (health)
9205
50.6
1961
48.9
1161
31.8
12327
47.7
Yes (non-health)
3595
19.8
793
19.8
708
19.4
5096
19.7
Total
18200
100
4014
100
3647
100
25861
100
< 0.001
Missing
1973
536
498
3014
Gender
Female
15324
84.2
3331
83.4
2701
75.2
21356
82.8
Male
2872
15.8
662
16.6
891
24.8
4425
17.2
Total
18196
100
3993
100
3592
100
25781
100
< 0.001
Missing
1977
557
553
3094
Age category or group
Under 21
332
1.8
90
2.2
81
2.2
503
1.9
21-24
828
4.5
163
4
100
2.7
1091
4.2
25-34
3627
19.8
709
17.5
566
15.4
4902
18.8
35-44
4076
22.2
794
19.5
712
19.4
5582
21.4
45-54
4676
25.5
1008
24.8
851
23.2
6535
25.1
55-64
3462
18.9
882
21.7
795
21.6
5139
19.7
65 and over
1319
7.2
416
10.2
568
15.5
2303
8.8
Total
18320
100
4062
100
3673
100
26055
100
< 0.001
Missing
1853
488
472
2820
Ethnicity
Non-white British
1649
9
362
8.9
351
9.5
2362
9.1
White British
16703
91
3698
91.1
3325
90.5
23726
90.9
Total
18352
100
4060
100
3676
100
26088
100
< 0.001
Missing
1821
490
469
2787
Religion
Non-Christian
9794
54.1
2140
54.3
1905
53.8
13839
54.1
Christian
8306
45.9
1798
45.7
1633
46.2
11737
45.9
Total
18100
100
3938
100
3538
100
25576
100
0.911
Missing
2073
612
607
3300
Age left education
≤ 18 (A-level or less)
5967
33
1557
38.9
1249
34.4
8773
34.1
> 18 (Higher degree)
12118
67
2442
61.1
2381
65.6
16941
65.9
Total
18085
100
3999
100
3630
100
25714
100
Missing
2088
551
515
3161
Accommodation
Rented home
5030
27.5
1163
28.7
847
23
7040
27
Own home
13288
72.5
2891
71.3
2834
77
19013
73
Total
18318
100
4054
100
3681
100
26053
100
< 0.001
Missing
1855
496
464
2822
Vulnerable according to government category
No
13735
80.6
2938
78.5
2610
77.7
19283
79.8
Yes (do not require shielding)
2005
11.8
503
13.4
494
14.7
3002
12.4
Yes (require shielding)
1307
7.7
303
8.1
257
7.6
1867
7.7
Total
17047
100
3744
100
3361
100
24152
100
< 0.001
Missing
3126
806
784
4725
Experienced coronavirus
No
4354
24.9
1016
26.3
971
27.8
6341
25.5
Yes
13152
75.1
2843
73.7
2518
72.2
18513
74.5
Total
17506
100
3859
100
3489
100
24854
100
0.001
Missing
2667
691
656
4022
Pre-existing mental health condition
No
10685
62.6
2288
60.8
2404
70.1
15377
63.3
Yes
6395
37.4
1476
39.2
1026
29.9
8897
36.7
Total
17080
100
3764
100
3430
100
24274
100
< 0.001
Missing
3093
786
715
4604
Drinking alcohol
Never
2611
14.6
540
13.7
492
13.8
3643
14.4
Monthly or less
3954
22.2
944
24
692
19.4
5590
22.1
2-4 times a month
3909
21.9
930
23.6
824
23
5663
22.3
2-3 times a week
4873
27.3
1007
25.6
999
27.9
6879
27.1
4 times or more a week
2479
13.9
520
13.2
569
15.9
3568
14.1
Total
17826
100
3941
100
3576
100
25343
100
< 0.001
Missing
2347
609
569
3532
Taking drug
No
17354
97.9
3810
97.3
3465
97.3
24629
97.7
Yes
369
2.1
107
2.7
95
2.7
571
2.3
Total
17723
100
3917
100
3560
100
25200
100
< 0.001
Missing
2450
633
585
3675
Suicidal thoughts
No
12015
68.3
2591
66.7
2521
71.5
17127
68.5
Yes
5572
31.7
1292
33.3
1005
28.5
7869
31.5
Total
17587
100
3883
100
3526
100
24996
100
< 0.001
Missing
2586
667
619
3879
Table 3 Means of mental health conditions by lockdown easing periods, demographics, lifestyle changes, and pre-existing health conditions
Control variables
Means of GAD-7 (n = 18948) (95%CI)
Means of IES-R (n = 17739) (95%CI)
May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown)
July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax)
July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering)
May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown)
July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax)
July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering)
Total study population
5.6 (5.5-5.7)
5.6 (5.3-5.8)
4.4 (4.2-4.6)
17.3 (16.9-17.6)
16.8 (16.0-17.6)
13.4 (12.7-14.2)
Key worker
Not a key worker
5.8 (5.6-6.0)
6.2 (5.7-6.7)
4.1 (3.8-4.4)
18.5 (17.8-19.2)
19.9 (18.2-21.5)
13.1 (12.1-14.2)
Health
5.1 (5.0-5.3)
5 (4.7-5.3)
4.3 (3.9-4.6)
15.9 (15.4-16.3)
14.4 (13.4-15.4)
12.2 (11.0-13.5)
Not in health
6.3 (6.1-6.6)
6.1 (5.5-6.6)
5.3 (4.8-5.9)
19 (18.2-19.8)
18.5 (16.8-20.3)
16.1 (14.4-17.9)
Gender
Female
5.8 (5.7-5.9)
5.7 (5.5-6.0)
4.8 (4.5-5.1)
18 (17.6-18.4)
17.3 (16.4-18.2)
14.4 (13.5-15.2)
Male
4.3 (4.0-4.5)
4.8 (4.1-5.4)
3.2 (2.8-3.7)
13.3 (12.4-14.1)
14.1 (12.2-16.1)
10.7 (9.4-12.1)
Age group
Under 21
7.7 (6.8-8.5)
9.3 (6.7-11.9)
8.6 (6.4-10.9)
24 (20.9-27.1)
30.8 (20.8-40.8)
28.8 (20.2-37.3)
21-24
7.9 (7.4-8.5)
7.8 (6.3-9.2)
6.7 (5.0-8.4)
22.6 (20.8-24.3)
21.4 (17.0-25.7)
19.2 (13.9-24.5)
25-34
6.8 (6.5-7.0)
7.5 (7.0-8.1)
5.7 (5.1-6.4)
19 (18.2-19.8)
21.3 (19.4-23.2)
15.4 (13.3-17.4)
35-44
6.1 (5.9-6.3)
6.1 (5.6-6.6)
5.2 (4.7-5.7)
18.3 (17.5-19.0)
17.8 (16.1-19.5)
14.4 (12.8-15.9)
45-54
4.9 (4.7-5.1)
4.8 (4.4-5.3)
4.5 (4.0-5.0)
16.2 (15.6-16.9)
14.5 (13.0-16.0)
13.2 (11.8-14.7)
55-64
4.6 (4.4-4.8)
4.8 (4.3-5.3)
3.7 (3.3-4.1)
15.7 (15.0-16.5)
14.8 (13.2-16.4)
12.6 (11.2-14.0)
65 and over
3.1 (2.8-3.4)
3.1 (2.5-3.7)
1.9 (1.4-2.3)
10.8 (9.7-11.8)
12.2 (9.7-14.6)
8.1 (6.5-9.7)
Ethnicity
Non-white
4.9 (4.5-5.2)
5.9 (5.1-6.8)
4.9 (4.1-5.7)
15.9 (14.7-17.1)
19.2 (16.3-22.0)
14.4 (12.0-16.8)
White
5.6 (5.5-5.7)
5.5 (5.3-5.8)
4.4 (4.1-4.6)
17.4 (17.0-17.7)
16.6 (15.7-17.4)
13.3 (12.5-14.1)
Religion
Non-Christian
5.7 (5.6-5.9)
6.0 (5.6-6.3)
4.6 (4.3-4.9)
17.6 (17.2-18.1)
17.6 (16.5-18.7)
13.8 (12.8-14.8)
Christian
5.4 (5.2-5.5)
5.1 (4.8-5.5)
4.2 (3.9-4.5)
16.8 (16.3-17.3)
15.8 (14.6-17.0)
12.9 (11.9-14.0)
Education
A-level or less
6.2 (6.0-6.4)
6.1 (5.7-6.6)
4.5 (4.1-4.9)
19.1 (18.4-19.8)
19.1 (17.6-20.5)
14.3 (12.9-15.7)
Higher degree
5.3 (5.2-5.4)
5.2 (4.9-5.5)
4.4 (4.1-4.6)
16.4 (16.0-16.8)
15.5 (14.6-16.4)
13 (12.2-13.9)
Type of accommodation
Rented
7.1 (6.9-7.3)
7.8 (7.3-8.3)
6.7 (6.1-7.3)
21.6 (20.9-22.3)
23.1 (21.4-24.8)
19.7 (17.8-21.6)
Own
5 (4.9-5.1) 4
4.7 (4.5-5.0)
3.8 (3.5-4.0)
15.7 (15.3-16.0)
14.4 (13.5-15.3)
11.7 (10.9-12.4)
Shielding status (government)
Shielding not required
5.5 (5.4-5.6)
5.5 (5.2-5.8)
4.4 (4.1-4.6)
16.8 (16.5-17.2)
16.2 (15.3-17.1)
12.9 (12.1-13.7)
Shielding required (but not Shielding)
5.5 (5.2-5.9)
5.1 (4.5-5.8)
4 (3.4-4.6)
17.6 (16.5-18.6)
16.6 (14.5-18.8)
13 (11.0-14.9)
Shielding required (shielding)
6.6 (6.2-7.0)
7.4 (6.4-8.5)
5.5 (4.6-6.5)
21.2 (19.8-22.6)
23.9 (20.7-27.2)
19.3 (16.2-22.3)
Experience of COVID-19
No such experience
5.1 (4.9-5.3)
5.1 (4.6-5.6)
3.9 (3.5-4.4)
15.5 (14.8-16.2)
16.3 (14.7-18.0)
12.1 (10.7-13.5)
Yes
5.7 (5.6-5.8)
5.7 (5.4-6.0)
4.6 (4.3-4.9)
17.8 (17.4-18.2)
17 (16.1-17.9) 1
3.9 (13.1-14.8)
Pre-existing mental health
No
4.1 (4.0-4.2)
3.7 (3.5-3.9)
3.2 (2.9-3.4)
13 (12.6-13.3)
11.5 (10.7-12.3)
9.7 (9.0-10.4)
Yes
8.2 (8.0-8.4)
8.7 (8.3-9.2)
7.6 (7.1-8.1)
24.9 (24.3-25.6)
25.9 (24.5-27.4)
23 (21.3-24.7)
Drinking alcohol
Never
6.3 (6.0-6.6)
6.2 (5.5-6.9)
5.7 (4.9-6.4)
19.7 (18.6-20.7)
17.9 (15.6-20.2)
16.2 (13.8-18.6)
Monthly or less
6.2 (6.0-6.5)
6.6 (6.0-7.1)
5 (4.4-5.5)
18.8 (18.0-19.6)
19.5 (17.6-21.3)
15.2 (13.4-17.0)
2-4 times a month
5.4 (5.2-5.6)
5.3 (4.8-5.8)
4.3 (3.8-4.7)
16.7 (15.9-17.4)
17 (15.4-18.5)
13 (11.5-14.5)
2-3 times a week
5 (4.9-5.2) 5
5.2 (4.7-5.6)
3.9 (3.5-4.4)
15.5 (14.9-16.1)
15.2 (13.7-16.7)
12.2 (10.9-13.5)
4 times or more a week
5.1 (4.8-5.3)
4.3 (3.7-5.0)
3.8 (3.2-4.4)
16.9 (16.0-17.9)
13.4 (11.6-15.3)
12 (10.3-13.7)
Drug use
Never
5.5 (5.4-5.6)
5.5 (5.2-5.7)
4.3 (4.1-4.6)
17.1 (16.8-17.5)
16.6 (15.8-17.4)
13.1 (12.4-13.9)
Ever
7.7 (6.8-8.6)
9.6 (7.9-11.4)
7.3 (5.5-9.1)
23.8 (20.9-26.8)
25.5 (19.9-31.1)
24.2 (18.3-30.0)
Suicidal thoughts ever
No
4.5 (4.4-4.6)
4.4 (4.1-4.7)
3.4 (3.2-3.7)
13.9 (13.5-14.3)
13.2 (12.3-14.0)
10.3 (9.6-11.0)
Yes
7.8 (7.6-8.0)
8 (7.6-8.5)
6.9 (6.4-7.4)
24.3 (23.7-25.0)
24.4 (22.8-25.9)
21.6 (19.9-23.3)
Table 4 Changes in mental health indices by cut-off dates, control variables from regression discontinuity design regression models
Policy change dates in 2020
Population sub-groups
GAD-7, changes (95%CI)
P value
IESR, changes (95%CI)
P value
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Total sample
-0.513 (-0.913, -0.112)
0.081
-2.620 (-4.279, -0. 961)
0.464
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Total sample
-1.148 (-1.800, -0.496)
-3.449 (-5.725, -1.172)
Key worker
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Not a key worker
-0.910 (-1.810, -0.011)
0.062
-3.546 (-6.235, -0.857)
0.708
Health
0.017 (-0.602, 0.637)
-1.643 (-3.914, 0.628)
Non-health
-0.756 (-1.877, 0.365)
-1.704 (-5.115, 1.708)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Not a key worker
-1.191 (-2.259, -0.123)
0.064
-3.877 (-7.410, -0.343)
0.843
Health
-0.986 (-1.584, -0.387)
-1.693 (-4.376, 0.991)
Non-health
-1.421 (-3.454, 0.613)
-5.458 (-9.144, -1.772)
Gender
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Female
-0.496 (-0.983, -0.010)
0.817
-2.606 (-4.445, -0.767)
0.936
Male
-0.622 (-1.652, 0.409)
-2.461 (-5.929, 1.007)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Female
-1.013 (-1.778, -0.248)
0.382
-3.369 (-5.789, -0.948)
0.926
Male
-1.739 (-2.993, -0.485)
-3.112 (-6.985, 0.762)
Age group
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Under 21
-5.482 (-9.526, -1.437)
0.029
-19.319 (-41.541, 2.902)
0.260
21-24
-0.103 (-1.975, 1.770)
-3.715 (-8.350, 0.920)
25-34
-0.314 (-1.346, 0.717)
-2.653 (-4.900, -0.406)
35-44
-0.640 (-1.646, 0.366)
0.545 (-2.309, 3.399)
45-54
0.179 (-0.663, 1.021)
-1.871 (-4.785, 1.043)
55-64
-0.911 (-2.117, 0.294)
-5.390 (-9.419, -1.361)
65 and over
-0.923 (-2.330, 0.484)
-2.633 (-8.466, 3.199)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Under 21
-0.983 (-5.502, 3.536)
-3.941 (-23.634, 15.753)
21-24
-0.830 (-6.322, 4.661)
-2.354 (-14.469, 9.761)
25-34
-1.928 (-3.272, -0.584)
-7.306 (-11.582, -3.029)
35-44
-0.722 (-2.406, 0.962)
-0.469 (-5.717, 4.780)
45-54
-0.641 (-1.940, 0.658)
-2.386 (-5.752, 0.980)
55-64
-0.997 (-1.971, -0.023)
-1.930 (-5.331, 1.472)
65 and over
-1.447 (-2.952, 0.057)
0.995
-4.192 (-9.646, 1.261)
0.795
Ethnicity
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Non-white
1.302 (0.085, 2.518)
3.185 (-2.139, 8.510)
White
-0.657 (-1.129, -0.185)
0.018
-3.044 (-4.830, -1.259)
0.035
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Non-white
-0.104 (-1.715, 1.506)
-0.380 (-6.308, 5.548)
White
-1.243 (-1.957, -0.529)
0.348
-3.567 (-5.888, -1.246)
0.410
Religion
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Non-Christian
-0.369 (-0.934, 0.195)
0.522
-2.500 (-4.563, -0.437)
0.904
Christian
-0.652 (-1.298, -0.006)
-2.679 (-4.909, -0.449)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Non-Christian
-1.298 (-2.290, -0.306)
0.578
-3.473 (-6.483, -0.464)
0.957
Christian
-0.928 (-1.630, -0.226)
-3.354 (-6.289, -0.420)
Education
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
A-level or less
-1.363 (-1.929, -0.797)
0.007
-3.958 (-6.641, -1.275)
0.221
Higher degree
-0.080 (-0.512, 0.352)
-1.955 (-3.408, -0.502)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
A-level or less
-1.421 (-2.058, -0.783)
0.460
-4.109 (-6.780, -1.438)
0.561
Higher degree
-0.876 (-1.712, -0.041)
-2.667 (-5.356, 0.022)
Accommodation
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Rented
-0.369 (-1.449, 0.712)
0.796
-1.933 (-5.935, 2.068)
0.675
Own
-0.517 (-0.919, -0.114)
-2.719 (-4.784, -0.653)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Rented
-1.837 (-3.056, -0.618)
0.197
-4.387 (-9.165, 0.391)
0.571
Own
-0.782 (-1.419, -0.144)
-2.820 (-4.892, -0.748)
Require shielding by government
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Not required
-0.322 (-0.750, 0.107)
0.241
-2.212 (-3.717, -0.706)
0.560
Required shielding, but not shielding
-1.243 (-2.295, -0.191)
-4.136 (-8.303, 0.032)
Required shielding and shielding
-0.655 (-2.023, 0.713)
-3.447 (-8.512, 1.619)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Not required
-0.978 (-1.721, -0.234)
0.393
-3.175 (-5.683, -0.668)
0.956
Require shielding, but not shielding
-1.045 (-2.351, 0.261)
-3.730 (-10.106, 2.647)
Require shielding and shielding
-3.064 (-4.686, -1.442)
-4.742 (-10.111, 0.628)
Experience of COVID-19
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
No
-0.559 (-1.279, 0.161)
0.892
-1.999 (-4.771, 0.774)
0.657
Yes
-0.490 (-0.961, -0.018)
-2.795 (-4.666, -0.924)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
No
-1.927 (-2.904, -0.951)
0.156
-6.223 (-10.542, -1.905)
0.131
Yes
-0.875 (-1.621, -0.129)
-2.462 (-4.509, -0.416)
Pre-existing mental health condition
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
No
-0.343 (-0.729, 0.043)
0.551
-2.308 (-3.782, -0.834)
0.788
Yes
-0.649 (-1.582, 0.284)
-2.772 (-6.246, 0.702)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
No
-0.687 (-1.194, -0.181)
0.239
-1.407 (-3.154, 0.340)
0.056
Yes
-1.576 (-3.163, 0.012)
-6.239 (-10.192, -2.286)
Drinking alcohol
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
Never
-1.025 (-2.463, 0.412)
-3.091 (-7.778, 1.596)
Monthly or less
-0.582 (-1.779, 0.615)
-3.020 (-6.621, 0.581)
2-4 times a month
-0.243 (-0.901, 0.415)
-2.017 (-4.434, 0.401)
2-3 times a week
-0.050 (-0.543, 0.443)
-1.782 (-3.882, 0.319)
4 times or more a week
-1.165 (-2.178, -0.151)
0.401
-3.784 (-7.229, -0.340)
0.828
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
Never
-1.309 (-3.955, 1.337)
0.835
2.636 (-2.839, 8.111)
0.607
Monthly or less
-1.240 (-2.787, 0.306)
-2.619 (-5.693, 0.455)
2-4 times a month
-1.251 (-2.243, -0.259)
-6.981 (-10.394, -3.568)
2-3 times a week
-1.140 (-1.694, -0.587)
-4.444 (-7.173, -1.715)
4 times or more a week
-0.601 (-2.269, 1.067)
-1.616 (-6.815, 3.583)
Taking drugs
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
No
-0.504 (-0.890, -0.118)
0.542
-2.522 (-4.160, -0.883)
0.955
Yes
0.631 (-3.023, 4.286)
-2.827 (-12.067, 6.412)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
No
-1.114 (-1.669, -0.558)
0.875
-3.571 (-5.538, -1.604)
0.222
Yes
-1.470 (-6.338, 3.398)
5.805 (-11.429, 23.039)
Suicidal thoughts ever
July 4, 2020 (Lockdown relaxation date)
No
-0.173 (-0.599, 0.252)
0.039
-0.941 (-2.482, 0.600)
0.003
Yes
-1.232 (-1.983, -0.481)
-5.938 (-8.759, -3.118)
July 24, 2020 (Face-covering start date)
No
-0.831 (-1.343, -0.319)
0.337
-2.520 (-4.065, -0.975)
0.511
Yes
-1.588 (-3.487, 0.310)
-4.256 (-9.486, 0.974)
Citation: Rathod S, Pallikadavath S, Graves E, Rahman MM, Brooks A, Soomro MG, Rathod P, Phiri P. Impact of lockdown relaxation and implementation of the face-covering policy on mental health: A United Kingdom COVID-19 study. World J Psychiatr 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365