Psychiatric hospitalization during the two SARS-CoV-2 pandemic waves: New warnings for acute psychotic episodes and suicidal behaviors

Table 1 First and second pandemic waves and social distancing measures

First wave (February 24, 2020 to April 30, 2020), 66 d	Second wave (October 8, 2020 to January 7, 2021), 92 d
Main governative measures	Main governative measures
Smart working (more than 50%)	Smart working (8%-40%)
Distance learning (more than 75%)	Distance learning (75%-100%)
In and outdoor mask wearing (always)	In and outdoor mask wearing
Leisure activities limitations	Leisure activities limitations
Relatives and friends restricted visiting	Relatives and friends restricted visiting
Travelling limitations	Travelling limitations
Cinemas, theaters, museums, betting halls closure	Cinemas, theaters, museums, betting halls closure
Bars and restaurants closure from total closure to closure from 6.00 pm (prohibited on-site consummation)	Bars and restaurant closure from 6.00 pm (prohibited on-site consummation)
Night curfew (from 8:00 pm)	Night curfew (from 9:00 pm)

Table 2 Absolute numbers of total admissions, proportion of emergencies, urgencies and compulsory admissions occurred during the first pandemic wave and in the same period of previous 3 years

Yr	Total admissions	Urgencies	Emergencies (P value vs 2020)	Compulsory admissions (P value vs 2020)	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (P value vs 2020)	Mood disorders (P value vs 2020)	Anxiety disorders (P value vs 2020)
2017	63	85.7%	14.3% (< 0.01)	7.2% (< 0.01)	25.1% (< 0.01)	28.2% (> 0.05)	5.8% (> 0.05)
2018	68	75.0 %	25% (< 0.05)	13.3% (< 0.05)	31.5% (< 0.05)	28.0% (> 0.05)	5.9% (> 0.05)
2019	81	86.4%	13.6% (< 0.01)	10.1% (< 0.05)	32.1% (< 0.05)	27.9% (> 0.05)	5.2% (> 0.05)
2020	47	71.8%	28.2%	19.7%	39.5%	28.6%	8.0%

Emergencies defined for codes 1 + 2, Urgencies defined for codes 3 + 4 + 5 at Mental health Triage. Diagnosis DSM-5 295.9-295.40-295.70-297.1-297.3-298.8-298.9: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. Diagnosis DSM-5 296.2-296.3-296.9-311-296.XX: Bipolar and Related Disorders and Depressive Disorders. Diagnosis DSM-5 309.81-308.3-309.0-309.24-309.28-309.3-309.4-309.9-309.89: Anxiety Disorders and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analyses: odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval for hospitalization during the first pandemic wave

Characteristic	P value	OR	95%CI for EXP
Male/female	< 0.001	1.754	1.331–2.312
Self-harm behaviour	< 0.001	2.066	1.477–2.890

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 4 Absolute numbers of total admissions, proportion of urgencies, emergencies and compulsory admissions occurred during the second pandemic wave and in the same period of the previous 3 yr

Yr	Total admissions	Urgencies	Emergencies (P value vs 2020/2021)	Compulsory admissions (P value vs 2020/2021)	Psychotic spectrum disorders (P value vs 2020/2021)	Affective spectrum disorders (P value vs 2020/2021)	Anxiety spectrum disorders (P value vs 2020/2021)
2017	88	80.7%	19.3% (> 0.05)	9.1% (> 0.05)	35.9% (> 0.05)	30.1% (< 0.05)	4.1% (< 0.01)
2018	85	81.2 %	18.8% (> 0.05)	10.7% (> 0.05)	35.6% (> 0.05)	29.4% (< 0.05)	3.7% (< 0.01)
2019	89	81.5%	18.5% (> 0.05)	9.9% (> 0.05)	33.7% (> 0.05)	28.8% (< 0.01)	4.2% (< 0.01)
2020/2021	84	80.7%	19.3%	10.4%	36.1%	32.9%	9.0%

Emergencies defined for codes 1 + 2, Urgencies defined for codes 3 + 4 + 5 at Mental health Triage. Diagnosis DSM-5 295.9-295.40-295.70-297.1-297.3-298.8-298.9: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. Diagnosis DSM-5 296.2-296.3-296.9-311-296.XX: Bipolar and Related Disorders and Depressive Disorders. Diagnosis DSM-5 309.81-308.3-309.0-309.24-309.28-309.3-309.4-309.9-309.89: Anxiety Disorders and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Table 5 Multivariate logistic regression analyses: odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval for hospitalization during the first pandemic wave

Characteristic	P value	OR	95%CI for EXP
Male/female	< 0.001	1.938	1.357–2.766
Self-harm behaviour	< 0.001	2.410	1.731–3.354

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.