Effects of age and sex on clinical high-risk for psychosis in the community

Table 1 Clinical high risk for psychosis criteria

Ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria as per the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and basic symptom (BS) criteria as per the Schizophrenia Proneness Instruments (SPI-A/SPI-CY)[15,16]
UHR: Brief Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome (BIPSS)
≥ 1 of the following SIPS positive (P) items scored 6 = “severe and psychotic” with first appearance in the past 3 months and a presence of at least several minutes per day at a frequency of at least once per month but less than 7 d:
P1 Unusual Thought Content/Delusional Ideas
P2 Suspiciousness/Persecutory Ideas
P3 Grandiose Ideas
P4 Perceptual Abnormalities/Hallucinations
P5 Disorganized Communication
UHR: Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome (APSS)
≥ 1 of the above P-items scored 3 = “moderate” to 5 = “severe but not psychotic” with a first appearance within the past year or current rating one or more scale points higher compared to 12 mo ago, and with an occurrence of an average frequency of at least once per week in the past month.
UHR: Genetic Risk and Deterioration Syndrome (GRDS)
Patient meets SIPS-criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder or has 1st-degree relative with a psychotic disorder, and has experienced > 30% drop in the global assessment of functioning score over the last month compared to 12 mo ago
BS: Cognitive-Perceptive Basic Symptoms (COPER)
≥ 1 of the following BS with a score of ≥ 3 = “frequency of at least several times in a month or weekly” within the last 3 mo and with first occurrence ≥ 12 mo ago:
Thought interference
Thought perseveration
Thought pressure
Thought blockages
Disturbance of receptive speech
Decreased ability to discriminate between ideas/perception, fantasy/memories
Unstable ideas of reference
Derealization
Visual perception disturbances (excl. hypersensitivity to light or blurred vision)
Acoustic perception disturbances (excl. hypersensitivity to sounds)
BS: Cognitive Disturbances (COGDIS)
≥ 2 of the following BS with a score of ≥ 3 within the last 3 mo:
Inability to divide attention
Thought interference
Thought pressure
Thought blockages
Disturbance of receptive speech
Disturbance of expressive speech
Unstable ideas of reference
Disturbances of abstract thinking
Captivation of attention by details of the visual field

Table 2 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample

	Total sample (n = 2916)	Males (n = 1550)	Females (n = 1366)	χ²(df)/U; P value (Cramer’s V/Rosenthal’s r)
Study participation: n (%) in BEAR	2683 (92.0)	1447 (93.4)	1236 (90.5)	8.14 (1); 0.004 (0.053)
Age in years: mean ± SD, Mdn	28.8 ± 8.7, 31	28.6 ± 8.6, 31	29.0 ± 8.9; 32	1031227.0; 0.226 (0.022)
Nationality: n (%) Swiss	2708 (92.9)	1433 (92.5)	1275 (93.3)	0.86 (1); 0.353 (0.017)
Marital status: n (%) single	1730 (59.3)	977 (63.0)	753 (55.1)	18.82 (1); < 0.001 (0.080)
Concluded school education: n (%) yes	2538 (87.0)	1372 (88.5)	1166 (85.4)	6.42 (1); 0.011 (0.047)
Highest school education: n (%)				5.14 (3); 0.162 (0.042)
ISCED 1	148 (5.1)	78 (5.0)	70 (5.1)
ISCED 2	1689 (57.9)	921 (59.4)	768 (56.2)
ISCED 3 (34+35)	1079 (37.0)	551 (35.6)	528 (38.7)
Current occupation: n (%)				27.96 (4); < 0.001 (0.098)
Unemployed	61 (2.1)	37 (2.4)	24 (1.8)
Sheltered work place	7 (0.2)	7 (0.5)	0
Self-employed or temporary job, or other	34 (1.2)	6 (0.4)	28 (2.1)
Normal occupation incl. education	2814 (96.5)	1500 (96.8)	1314 (96.2)
1st- or 2nd-degree relative with mental disorder: n (%)1	1133 (39.0)	479 (31.0)	654 (48.1)	87.93 (1); < 0.001 (0.174)
With psychosis	89 (3.1)	34 (2.2)	55 (4.0)	8.22 (1); 0.004 (0.053)
With affective disorder	691 (23.8)	274 (17.8)	417 (30.6)	66.18 (1); < 0.001 (0.151)
Current SOFAS score: mean ± SD, Mdn	85.2 ± 7.1, 87	85.4 ± 7.3, 88	85.0 ± 6.9, 87	998335.5; 0.007 (0.050)
Highest-past-year SOFAS score: mean ± SD, Mdn	85.4 ± 6.9, 87	85.6 ± 7.0, 88	85.2 ± 6.8, 87	1002860.0; 0.013 (0.079)
Psychosocial impairment (SOFAS ≤ 70): n (%)	161 (5.5)	79 (5.1)	82 (6.0)	1.13 (1); 0.285 (0.020)
Current mental disorder: n (%)	386 (13.4)	158 (10.2)	228 (16.7)	26.69 (1); < 0.001 (0.096)

¹Of n = 2904 with known biological relatives. BEAR: Bern Epidemiology At-Risk; SOFAS: Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale.

Table 3 Frequency of clinical high risk symptoms in age groups and sexes, n (% of group)

	Any BS	Any cognitive BS	Any perceptual BS	Any APS or BIPS	Any delusional APS or BIPS	Any hallucinatory APS or BIPS	Any speech disorganization APS
8-12 yr	21 (17.9)	14 (12.0)	11 (9.4)	36 (30.8)	6 (5.1)	32 (27.4)	1 (0.9)
13-15 yr	18 (26.1)	15 (21.7)	5 (7.2)	15 (21.7)	4 (5.8)	14 (20.3)	0
16-17 yr	30 (15.7)	17 (8.9)	20 (10.5)	38 (19.9)	15 (7.9)	32 (16.8)	0
18-19 yr	27 (16.2)	19 (11.4)	9 (5.4)	27 (16.2)	9 (5.4)	21 (12.6)	0
20-24 yr	40 (8.1)	20 (4.1)	23 (4.7)	58 (11.8)	23 (4.7)	42 (8.5)	1 (0.2)
25-29 yr	23 (7.2)	12 (3.8)	11 (3.4)	33 (10.3)	15 (4.7)	22 (6.9)	2 (0.6)
30-40 yr	102 (6.5)	68 (4.4)	41 (2.6)	174 (11.2)	113 (7.2)	98 (6.3)	16 (1.0)
Male	110 (7.1)	69 (4.5)	51 (3.3)	161 (10.4)	79 (5.1)	107 (6.9)	15 (1.0)
Female	151 (11.1)	96 (7.0)	69 (5.1)	220 (16.1)	106 (7.8)	154 (11.3)	5 (0.4)
Total	261 (9.0)	165 (5.7)	120 (4.1)	381 (13.1)	185 (6.3)	261 (9.0)	20 (0.7)

BS: Basic symptom; BIPS: Brief intermittent psychotic symptoms; APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 4 Frequency of clinical high risk criteria in age groups and sexes, n (% of group)

	Any CHR criterion	Any EPA criterion	COPER	COGDIS	APSS	BIPSS	GRDS, only by family history
8-12 yr	7 (6.0)	5 (4.3)	2 (1.7)	1 (0.9)	4 (3.4)	0	0
13-15 yr	5 (7.2)	4 (5.8)	3 (4.3)	3 (4.3)	1 (1.4)	0	0
16-17 yr	9 (4.7)	1 (0.5)	9 (4.7)	1 (0.5)	0	0	0
18-19 yr	5 (3.0)	3 (1.8)	4 (2.4)	3 (1.8)	1 (0.6)	0	0
20-24 yr	19 (3.9)	11 (2.2)	12 (2.4)	3 (0.6)	8 (1.8)	1 (0.2)	0
25-29 yr	4 (1.3)	1 (0.3)	3 (0.9)	0	1 (0.3)	0	0
30-40 yr	33 (2.1)	13 (0.8)	30 (1.9)	10 (0.6)	5 (0.3)	0	0
Male	29 (1.9)	13 (0.8)	22 (1.4)	6 (0.4)	9 (0.6)	0	0
Female	53 (3.9)	25 (1.8)	41 (3.0)	15 (1.1)	11 (0.8)	1 (0.1)	0
Total	82 (2.8)	38 (1.3)	63 (2.2)	21 (0.7)	20 (0.7)	1 (0.03)	0

CHR: Clinical high risk; EPA: European Psychiatric Association; COPER: Cognitive-Perceptive Basic Symptoms; COGDIS: Cognitive Disturbances; APSS: Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome; BIPSS: Brief Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome; GRDS: Genetic Risk and Deterioration Syndrome.

Table 5 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 of the 11 basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			64.146	6	0.000
8-12 yr	0.907	0.292	9.655	1	0.002	2.477	1.398	4.390
13-15 yr	1.386	0.320	18.753	1	0.000	3.997	2.135	7.483
16-17 yr	0.747	0.258	8.355	1	0.004	2.110	1.272	3.501
18-19 yr	0.781	0.267	8.549	1	0.003	2.184	1.294	3.687
25-29 yr	-0.128	0.272	.221	1	0.639	0.880	0.516	1.500
30-40 yr	-0.233	0.194	1.438	1	0.230	0.792	0	1.159
Sex
Male	-0.487	0.131	13.747	1	0.000	0	0.475	0.795

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 58.10; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.044. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 13.94; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.011.

Table 6 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 of the 9 cognitive basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			56.279	6	0
8-12 yr	1.168	0.365	10.233	1	0.001	3.215	1.572	6.574
13-15 yr	1.882	0.371	25.809	1	0.000	6.569	3.178	13.581
16-17 yr	0.838	0.342	6.011	1	0.014	2.311	1.183	4.513
18-19 yr	1.111	0.334	11.062	1	0.001	3.036	1.578	5.842
25-29 yr	-0.079	0.372	0.045	1	0.833	0.924	0.446	1.918
30-40 yr	0.075	0.260	0.083	1	0.773	1.078	0.648	1.794
Sex
Male	-0.484	0.162	8.881	1	0.003	0.616	0.448	0.847

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 48.55; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.047. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 9.02; P = 0.003; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.009.

Table 7 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 of the 2 perceptual basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			35.620	6	0.000
8-12 yr	0.752	0.382	3.872	1	0.049	2.121	1.003	4.484
13-15 yr	0.468	0.511	0.838	1	0.360	1.596	0.586	4.347
16-17 yr	0.871	0.319	7.483	1	0.006	2.390	1.280	4.462
18-19 yr	0.152	0.404	0.141	1	0.707	1.164	0.528	2.568
25-29 yr	-0.315	0.374	0.710	1	0.400	0.730	0.351	1.519
30-40 yr	-0.595	0.266	5.011	1	0.025	0.552	0.328	0.929
Sex
Male	-0.447	0.189	5.623	1	0.018	0.640	0.442	0.925

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 32.82; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.039. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 5.70; P = 0.017; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.007.

Table 8 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 of the 5 attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief intermittent psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			50.070	6	0.000
8-12 yr	1.204	0.244	24.295	1	0.000	3.333	2.065	5.380
13-15 yr	0.734	0.324	5.144	1	0.023	2.083	1.105	3.928
16-17 yr	0.622	0.229	7.386	1	0.007	1.863	1.189	2.917
18-19 yr	0.369	0.252	2.138	1	0.144	1.446	0.882	2.372
25-29 yr	-0.145	0.231	0.392	1	0.531	0.865	0.550	1.361
30-40 yr	-0.060	0.161	0.139	1	0.709	0.942	0.686	1.292
Sex
Male	-0.505	0.111	20.613	1	0.000	0.604	0.486	0.751

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 45.17; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.028. Sex: GoF: χ²(1)=20.89; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R²=0.013.

Table 9 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 of the 3 delusional attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief intermittent psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			7.120	6	0.310
8-12 yr	0.099	0.470	0.045	1	0.833	1.105	0.439	2.777
13-15 yr	0.229	0.558	0.169	1	0.681	1.258	0.422	3.751
16-17 yr	0.555	0.343	2.610	1	0.106	1.742	0.888	3.414
18-19 yr	0.152	0.404	0.141	1	0.707	1.164	0.528	2.568
25-29 yr	0.008	0.340	0.001	1	0.981	1.008	0.518	1.963
30-40 yr	0.467	0.235	3.961	1	0.047	1.596	1.007	2.529
Sex
Male	-0.449	0.154	8.548	1	0.003	0.638	0.473	0.862

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 7.48; P = 0.279; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.007. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 8.66; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.008.

Table 10 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of hallucinatory attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief intermittent psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			80.886	6	0.000
8-12 yr	1.397	0.263	28.262	1	0.000	4.043	2.415	6.766
13-15 yr	1.006	0.340	8.744	1	0.003	2.733	1.404	5.323
16-17 yr	0.771	0.252	9.343	1	0.002	2.161	1.318	3.542
18-19 yr	0.435	0.284	2.348	1	0.125	1.545	0.886	2.693
25-29 yr	-0.229	0.274	0.700	1	0.403	0.795	0.465	1.360
30-40 yr	-0.329	0.192	2.929	1	0.087	0.720	0.494	1.049
Sex
Male	-0.539	0.132	16.711	1	0.000	0.584	0.451	0.756

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 72.42; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.054. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 17.02; P< 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.013.

Table 11 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of speech-disorganization attenuated psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			2.777	6	0.836
8-12 yr	1.445	1.418	1.038	1	0.308	4.241	0.263	68.311
13-15 yr	-15.004	4838.665	0.000	1	0.998	0.000	0.000	.
16-17 yr	-15.004	2908.261	0.000	1	0.996	0.000	0.000	.
18-19 yr	-15.004	3110.226	0.000	1	0.996	0.000	0.000	.
25-29 yr	1.133	1.227	0.852	1	0.356	3.104	0.280	34.375
30-40 yr	1.629	1.032	2.491	1	0.114	5.098	0.674	38.543
Sex
Male	0.978	0.518	3.570	1	0.059	2.660	0.964	7.338

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 10.57; P = 0.103; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.046. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 4.08; P = 0.044; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.018.

Table 12 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 of the 11 basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.062	0.009	42.503	1	0.000	0.940	0.923	0.958
Sex	-1.450	0.416	12.181	1	0.000	0.235	0.104	0.529
Age and sex	0.036	0.015	5.887	1	0.015	1.036	1.007	1.067

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(3) = 62.40; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.047.

Table 13 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 of the 9 cognitive basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.046	0.009	26.592	1	0.000	0.955	0.939	0.972
Sex	-0.496	0.163	9.250	1	0.002	0.609	0.442	0.838

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 35.47; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.034.

Table 14 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 of the 2 perceptual basic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.078	0.014	32.110	1	0.000	0.925	0.901	0.950
Sex	-1.971	0.580	11.556	1	0.001	0.139	0.045	0.434
Age and sex	0.060	0.021	7.893	1	0.005	1.062	1.018	1.107

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(3) = 40.47; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.047.

Table 15 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 of the 5 attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief intermittent psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.024	0.006	14.923	1	0.000	0.976	0.964	0.988
Age and sex	-0.019	0.004	21.891	1	0.000	0.982	0.974	0.989

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 48.37; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.030.

Table 16 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of hallucinatory attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief intermittent psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.047	0.007	40.904	1	0.000	0.954	0.940	0.968
Age and sex	-0.022	0.005	18.547	1	0.000	0.978	0.969	0.988

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 77.65; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.058.

Table 17 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of speech-disorganization attenuated psychotic symptoms

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and sex	0.047	0.016	8.505	1	0.004	1.048	1.016	1.082

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(1)=9.85; P = 0.002; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.043.

Table 18 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 clinical high risk criterion

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			17.714	6	0.007
8-12 yr	0.462	0.455	1.034	1	0.309	1.588	0.651	3.870
13-15 yr	0.667	0.520	1.647	1	0.199	1.949	0.703	5.400
16-17 yr	0.210	0.414	0.257	1	0.612	1.234	0.548	2.777
18-19 yr	-0.261	0.511	0.262	1	0.609	0.770	0.283	2.095
25-29 yr	-1.150	0.555	4.291	1	0.038	0.317	0.107	0.940
30-40 yr	-0.618	0.293	4.453	1	0.035	0.539	0.304	0.957
Sex
Male	-0.750	0.234	10.272	1	0.001	0.472	0.299	0.747

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 17.23; P = 0.008; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.026. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 10.79; P = 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.016.

Table 19 Simple effects of age group and sex on presence of ≥ 1 European Psychiatric Association-recommended clinical high risk criterion

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age category			22.230	6	0.001
8-12 yr	0.671	0.549	1.491	1	0.222	1.956	0.666	5.743
13-15 yr	0.992	0.599	2.746	1	0.098	2.697	0.834	8.717
16-17 yr	-1.467	1.048	1.960	1	0.162	0.231	0.030	1.799
18-19 yr	-0.221	0.658	0.113	1	0.737	0.802	0.221	2.908
25-29 yr	-1.982	1.047	3.584	1	0.058	0.138	0.018	1.073
30-40 yr	-0.999	0.413	5.852	1	0.016	0.368	0.164	0.827
Sex
Male	-0.790	0.344	5.279	1	0.022	0.454	0.231	0.890

Reference groups are 20-24-year-olds and females, respectively. Age: GoF: χ²(6) = 21.65; P = 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.057. Sex: GoF: χ²(1) = 5.60; P = 0.018; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.015.

Table 20 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 clinical high risk criterion

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.043	0.012	12.101	1	0.001	0.958	0.935	0.982
Sex	-0.760	0.235	10.511	1	0.001	0.468	0.295	0.740

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 22.75; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.034.

Table 21 Combined effects of selected age and sex predictors on presence of ≥ 1 European Psychiatric Association-recommended clinical high risk criterion

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age	-0.055	0.018	9.480	1	0.002	0.946	0.914	0.980
Sex	-0.799	0.345	5.372	1	0.020	0.450	0.229	0.884

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 15.08; P = 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.040.

Table 22 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 11 basic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and BS	0.051	0.006	62.374	1	0.000	1.052	1.039	1.066

GoF: χ²(1) = 49.21; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.048. BS: Basic symptom.

Table 23 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 9 cognitive basic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and BS	0.055	0.007	54.240	1	0.000	1.056	1.041	1.072

GoF: χ²(1) = 41.41; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.041. BS: Basic symptom.

Table 24 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 2 perceptual basic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and sex and BS	0.062	0.011	31.588	1	0.000	1.064	1.041	1.087

Reference group of sex is females. GoF:χ²(1) = 23.36; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.023. BS: Basic symptom.

Table 25 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 5 attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and APS	-0.043	0.012	12.101	1	0.001	0.958	0.935	0.982

GoF: χ²(1) = 113.70; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.110. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 26 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 3 delusional attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and APS	0.064	0.006	117.318	1	0.000	1.066	1.054	1.079

GoF: χ²(1)=91.82; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.089. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 27 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (hallucinatory attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and APS	0.048	0.007	51.014	1	0.000	1.049	1.035	1.063

GoF: χ²(1) = 40.25; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.039. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 28 Combined effects of selected age, sex and criteria (≥ 1 clinical high risk criterion) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and CHR criterion	0.091	0.009	100.738	1	0.000	1.095	1.076	1.115

GoF: χ²(1) = 84.42; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.082. CHR: Clinical high risk.

Table 29 Combined effects of selected age, sex and criteria (≥ 1 European Psychiatric Association criterion) predictors on presence of psychosocial impairment (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale ≤ 70)

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Age and EPA criterion	0.107	0.014	57.021	1	0.000	1.113	1.083	1.145

GoF: χ²(1) = 55.71; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.054. EPA: European Psychiatric Association.

Table 30 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 11 basic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.568	0.111	26.224	1	0.000	0.567	0.456	0.704

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(1) = 26.69; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.017.

Table 31 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 9 cognitive basic symptom) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.547	0.112	23.953	1	0.000	0.579	0.465	0.720
Age and BS	0.039	0.006	35.956	1	0.000	1.039	1.026	1.053

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 58.03; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.036. BS: Basic symptom.

Table 32 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 2 perceptual basic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.547	0.112	23.963	1	0.000	0.579	0.465	0.721
BS	1.135	0.206	30.355	1	0.000	3.112	2.078	4.660

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 53.03; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.033. BS: Basic symptom.

Table 33 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 5 attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.488	0.113	18.482	1	0.000	0.614	0.492	0.767
APS	1.318	0.129	104.567	1	0.000	3.735	2.902	4.809

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 121.11; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.075. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 34 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (≥ 1 of 3 delusional attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.528	0.113	21.963	1	0.000	0.590	0.473	0.735
APS	1.442	0.165	76.391	1	0.000	4.230	3.061	5.845

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 93.44; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.058. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 35 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (hallucinatory attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.515	0.112	21.005	1	0.000	0.598	0.480	0.745
APS	1.099	0.150	53.835	1	0.000	3.002	2.238	4.026

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 74.44; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.046. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 36 Combined effects of selected age, sex and symptoms (speech-disorganization attenuated psychotic symptoms) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.599	0.112	28.561	1	0.000	0.550	0.441	0.685
Age and APS	0.061	0.013	21.201	1	0.000	1.063	1.036	1.091

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 45.67; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.029. APS: Attenuated psychotic symptoms.

Table 37 Combined effects of selected age, sex and criteria (≥ 1 clinical high risk criterion) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.525	0.112	21.784	1	0.000	0.592	0.475	0.738
CHR criterion	1.746	0.231	57.300	1	0.000	5.734	3.648	9.012

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 77.35; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.048. CHR: Clinical high risk.

Table 38 Combined effects of selected age, sex and criteria (≥ 1 European Psychiatric Association criterion) predictors on presence of any non-psychotic axis-I disorder

	Beta	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (Beta)	95%CI; lower	95%CI; upper
Sex	-0.543	0.112	23.516	1	0.000	0.581	0.466	0.724
EPA criterion	2.066	0.334	38.306	1	0.000	7.896	4.104	15.192

Reference group of sex is females. GoF: χ²(2) = 62.16; P < 0.001; Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.039. EPA: European Psychiatric Association.