Effects of ulinastatin combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction and emergence agitation in elderly patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty

Figure 1 Flow diagram describing the selection of patients involved in this retrospective study. Dex: Dexmedetomidine.

Figure 2 Comparison of Mini-Mental State Examination scores and the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction among the three groups. A: Mini-Mental State Examination scores; B: The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. ^aP < 0.05, dexmedetomidine + ulinastatin vs dexmedetomidine. ^bP < 0.01, dexmedetomidine + ulinastatin vs ulinastatin. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; POCD: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; Dex: Dexmedetomidine.

Figure 3 Comparison of serum inflammatory cytokines among the three groups. A: Serum C-reactive protein; B: Serum interleukin-6. ^aP < 0.05, dexmedetomidine + ulinastatin vs dexmedetomidine. ^bP < 0.01, dexmedetomidine + ulinastatin vs ulinastatin. Dex: Dexmedetomidine; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6.