Reduced paraoxonase 1 activities may explain the comorbidities between temporal lobe epilepsy and depression, anxiety and psychosis

Figure 1 Box plot of 4-(chloromethyl) phenyl acetate hydrolysis activity in controls (0), pure temporal lobe epilepsy (temporal lobe epilepsy: No comorbidities are present) and temporal lobe epilepsy with psychiatric comorbidities. TLE: Temporal lobe epilepsy; CMPAase: 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate hydrolysis.

Figure 2 The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score and total Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score on 4-(chloromethyl) phenyl acetate hydrolysis activity in 104 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with and without comorbidities and 40 healthy controls. A: Inverse association between the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score and 4-(chloromethyl) phenyl acetate hydrolysis activity in 104 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with and without comorbidities and 40 healthy controls; B: The partial regression of the total Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score on 4-(chloromethyl) phenyl acetate hydrolysis activity in 104 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with and without comorbidities and 40 healthy controls. BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CMPAase: 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate hydrolysis; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Figure 3 Results of partial least squares path analysis with a latent vector extracted from three psychopathology dimensions as outcome variable and a latent vector extracted from temporal lobe epilepsy features, paraoxonase 1 activity and the Q19R paraoxonase 1 genotype (additive model) as input variables. Shown are path coefficient with P value (between brackets). Frequency: Seizure frequency; Aura: Aura present or not; Controlled: Seizure free and fairly and poorly controlled seizures; PI confusion: History of post-ictal confusion; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HAM-D/HAM-A: Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scale scores; TLE: Temporal lobe epilepsy; CMPAase: 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate hydrolysis.