Best early-onset Parkinson dementia predictor using ensemble learning among Parkinson's symptoms, rapid eye movement sleep disorder, and neuropsychological profile

Figure 1 Sample size calculations.

Figure 2 The random forest.

Figure 3 The development process of a random decision forest-based prediction model.

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Figure 4 Error rate of the random forest model (500 trees).

Figure 5 Multidimensional scaling plot of random forest (blue = early-onset Parkinson dementia and red = Parkinson’s disease)

Figure 6 Importance of variables in the random forest-based early-onset Parkinson dementia prediction model (only the top six are presented). K-MMSE: Korean Mini Mental State Examination; K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating; K-IADL: Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; UPDRS: Score of Untitled Parkinson’s Disease Rating.

Figure 7 Partial dependence plot. K-MMSE: Korean Mini Mental State Examination; K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating.