Earlier onset and multiple primaries in familial as opposed to sporadic esophageal cancer

Table 1 Difference in age at onset in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas with and without a family history of the cancer

	Positive family history		Negative family history		Differences	Pt-test
	n (%)	Mean age (yr) ± SD (1)	n (%)	Mean age (yr) ± SD (2)	(1)-(2)	(1)-(2)
Total	766	51.83 ± 8.39	1776	53.49 ± 8.23	-1.66	0.000b
Sex
Female	229 (33.80)	52.46 ± 7.91	600 (29.90)	53.48 ± 7.81	-1.02	0.100
Male	537 (66.20)	51.56 ± 8.58	1176 (70.10)	53.49 ± 8.44	-1.93	0.000b
Tobacco
Nonsmoker	282 (36.80)	52.66 ± 8.03	739 (41.60)	53.63 ± 8.27	-0.98	0.090
Smoker	484 (63.20)	51.35 ± 8.56	1037 (58.40)	53.38 ± 8.13	-2.03	0.000b
Alcohol
Nondrinker	480 (62.70)	52.10 ± 8.37	1200 (67.60)	53.38 ± 8.21	-1.29	0.004a
Drinker	286 (37.30)	51.38 ± 8.42	578 (32.40)	53.70 ± 8.28	-2.32	0.000b
Surgery year
1975-1979	224 (29.20)	50.90 ± 8.21	376 (21.20)	52.36 ± 8.00	-1.46	0.034a
1980-1984	216 (28.20)	51.69 ± 8.58	545 (30.70)	52.95 ± 8.18	-1.26	0.050a
1985-1989	326 (42.60)	52.56 ± 8.34	855 (48.10)	54.32 ± 8.28	-1.76	0.001b
TNM
Tis,1N0M0	34 (4.40)	50.94 ± 9.78	66 (3.70)	55.52 ± 7.24	-4.57	0.010a
T2,3N0M0	422 (55.10)	51.64 ± 8.30	983 (55.30)	53.30 ± 8.37	-1.67	0.001b
T2,3,4N1M0	310 (40.50)	52.19 ± 8.37	727 (40.90)	53.55 ± 8.10	-1.36	0.010a
Resection
Exploratory	16 (2.10)	49.88 ± 8.16	28 (1.60)	52.57 ± 9.18	-2.70	0.340
R1 or R2	70 (9.10)	49.33 ± 10.00	152 (8.60)	54.73 ± 8.49	-5.40	0.000b
R0	680 (88.80)	52.13 ± 8.17	1596 (89.90)	53.38 ± 8.18	-1.25	0.001b

Positive family history vs negative family history,

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Table 2 Difference in the prevalence of multiple primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma/gastric cardia adenocarcinoma in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with and without a family history of the cancer

Classification	Family history	n (% of multiple primary cancer)	Total	χ2	aP
Overall		72 (2.8)	2542
	Negative family history	30 (1.7)	1776
	Positive family history	42 (5.5)	766	27.80	0.000b
Sex
Male	Negative family history	20 (1.7)	1176
	Positive family history	27 (5.0)	537	15.30	0.000b
Female	Negative family history	10 (1.7)	600
	Positive family history	15 (6.6)	229	13.52	0.000b
Age
≥ 55 yr	Negative family history	23 (2.6)	877
	Positive family history	15 (5.0)	303	3.29	0.070
< 55 yr	Negative family history	7 (0.8)	899
	Positive family history	27 (5.8)	463	32.06	0.000b
Tobacco
Smoker	Negative family history	20 (1.9)	1037
	Positive family history	1.8 (3.7)	484	3.63	0.060
Nonsmoker	Negative family history	10 (1.4)	739
	Positive family history	24 (8.5)	282	32.48	0.000b
Alcohol
Drinker	Negative family history	16 (2.8)	576
	Positive family history	13 (4.5)	286	1.84	0.230
Nondrinker	Negative family history	14 (1.2)	1200
	Positive family history	29 (6.0)	480	32.67	0.000b
TNM
Tis,1N0M0	Negative family history	2 (3.0)	66
	Positive family history	2 (5.9)	34	0.48	0.480
T2,3N0M0	Negative family history	8 (0.8)	983
	Positive family history	20 (4.7)	422	23.29	0.000b
T2,3,4N1M0	Negative family history	20 (2.8)	727
	Positive family history	20 (6.5)	310	8.03	0.010b

Positive family vs negative family, ^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01.

Table 3 Significant and independent predictors of familial esophageal squamous cell cancer by multivariate logistic analysis

Variables entered at each step	Regression coefficient	Standard error	Wald test value	P-value	OR	95%CI
						Lower	Upper
Step 1
Sex	-0.057	0.146	0.153	0.696	0.944	0.709	1.258
Age	-0.026	0.006	21.06	0.000b	0.975	0.964	0.985
Primary tumor site	0.235	0.349	0.451	0.502	0.791	0.399	1.568
Tobacco	0.153	0.140	1.195	0.274	1.165	0.886	1.532
Alcohol	0.113	0.112	1.019	0.313	1.120	0.899	1.396
Multiple cancer	1.427	0.267	28.49	0.000b	4.166	2.467	7.036
Presurgical radiotherapy	0.161	0.179	0.813	0.367	1.175	0.828	1.669
Constant	0.592	0.827	0.512	0.474	1.808
Step 2
Age	-0.026	0.006	21.068	0.000b	0.975	0.964	0.985
Primary tumor site	-0.241	0.349	0.479	0.489	0.786	0.397	1.556
Tobacco	0.187	0.108	3.001	0.083	1.206	0.967	1.491
Alcohol	0.123	0.110	1.250	0.264	1.131	0.912	1.402
Multiple cancer	1.427	0.267	28.497	0.000b	4.166	2.467	7.035
Presurgical radiotherapy	0.160	0.179	0.802	0.371	1.174	0.827	1.667
Constant	0.462	0.758	0.372	0.542	1.588
Step 3
Age	-0.026	0.006	21.311	0.000b	0.974	0.964	0.985
Tobacco	0.185	0.108	2.926	0.087	1.203	0.973	1.487
Alcohol	0.122	0.110	1.236	0.266	1.130	0.911	1.401
Multiple cancer	1.446	0.266	29.56	0.000b	4.246	2.521	7.152
Presurgical radiotherapy	0.157	0.179	0.773	0.379	1.170	0.824	1.662
Constant	-0.004	0.346	0.000	0.990	0.996
Step 4
Age	-0.026	0.006	22.395	0.000b	0.974	0.963	0.985
Tobacco	1.187	0.108	3.000	0.083	1.206	0.976	1.491
Alcohol	0.117	0.110	1.146	0.284	1.125	0.907	1.394
Multiple cancer	1.438	0.266	29.282	0.000b	4.213	2.502	7.092
Constant	0.037	0.343	0.011	0.915	1.037
Step 5
Age	-0.026	0.006	22.364	0.000b	0.974	0.963	0.985
Tobacco	0.240	0.096	6.245	0.012a	1.271	1.053	1.535
Multiple cancer	1.451	0.265	29.862	0.000b	4.265	2.535	7.176
Constant	0.108	0.337	0.104	0.747	1.114

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs standard error.