Clinical utilities and end-user experience of pharmacogenomics: 39 mo of clinical implementation experience in an Australian hospital setting

Table 1 Demographics of 100 patients included in the retrospective review of pharmacogenomics result

Patient characteristics
Sex	(%)
Male	44
Female	56
Age (yr)	(%)
18-29	23
30-39	12
40-49	29
50-59	17
60-69	14
> 70	5
Referring specialists	(%)
Psychiatrists	39
Immunologists	15
General practitioners	10
Neurologists	9
Transplant physicians	8
Clinical pharmacologists	5
Others1	14
Indications for referral	(%)
To guide pharmacotherapy	62
Previous drug reactions	51
Polypharmacy2	5
Pre-emptive testing	5
Did not specify	5

¹Cardiologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, haematologist, nephrologist, psychologist, obstetrician, rheumatologist and thoracic physician referred.

²Patient taking ≥ 5 prescription medications. Referring clinicians could list more than one indication for pharmacogenomics testing.

Table 2 Number of patients (n = 56) taking medications found to have high- and/or moderate-risk drug-gene interaction against the number of such medications, in those whose medication history was available (n = 84), n (%)

Number of medications with implicated DGI	Number of patients taking medications with high-risk +/- moderate-risk DGI implicated	Number of patients taking medications with moderate-risk DGI implicated only	Number of patients taking medications with an actionable1 DGI
1	5 (6)	20 (24)	25 (30)
2	7 (8)	11 (13)	18 (21)
3	3 (4)	7 (8)	10 (12)
4	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1)
5	0 (0)	1 (1)	1 (1)
6	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
7	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
8	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
9	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1)
10	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Total	17 (20)	39 (46)	56 (66)

¹Either high-risk drug-gene interaction (DGI) or moderate-risk DGI.

DGI: Drug-gene interaction.

Table 3 Patient and clinician survey respondent demographics, n (%)

Patient respondents (n = 25)		Clinician respondents (n = 17)
Sex		Sex
Male	9 (36.0)	Male	11 (64.7)
Female	16 (64.0)	Female	6 (35.3)
Patient age (yr)		Clinician attained medical degree
18-29	4 (16.0)	Before 1980	2 (11.8)
30-39	2 (8.0)	1981-1990	2 (11.8)
40-49	7 (28.0)	1991-2000	3 (17.6)
50-59	6 (24.0)	After 2000	10 (58.8)
60-69	5 (20.0)
> 70	1 (4.0)
Patient education level		Clinician specialty
Did not finish high school	1 (4.0)	Psychiatry	5 (29.4)
High school	6 (24.0)	Clinical pharmacology	3 (17.6)
Certificate or diploma	5 (20.0)	Immunology	2 (11.8)
Bachelor’s degree	11 (44.0)	Neurology	2 (11.8)
Master’s degree or doctorate	2 (8.0)	General practitioner	1 (5.9)
		Other1	7 (41.2)

¹Rheumatology, respiratory, endocrinology, nephology, gastroenterology.

Clinician respondents could list more than one area of specialty.