Progress in neuregulin/ErbB signaling and chronic heart failure

Table 1 Changes in mRNA levels of chromosome remodeling and histone modification genes in rat cardiomyocytes treated with rhneuregulin-1β

Gene	Fold increase (rhNRG-1β/vehicle)	Biologic process	Ref.
Embryonic ectoderm development (Eed)	1.56	Genetic imprinting, histone methylation	[114]
SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (Smarca4)	1.48	Nucleosome disassembly, methylation-dependent chromatin silencing, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling	[115]
Jumonji domain containing 6 (Jmjd6)	1.61	Histone H3-R2 demethylation, histone H4-R3 demethylation, histone lysyl 5-hydroxylation	[116,117]
Histone cluster 1, H4b (Hist1h4b)	1.49	Nucleosome assembly	[118]
CSRP2 binding protein (Csrp2bp)	2	Histone acetylation	[119]
H2A histone family, member Z (H2afz)	1.63	Nucleosome assembly	[120]
MYST histone acetyltransferase (monocytic leukemia) 3 (Myst3)	1.48	Chromatin modification, histone acetylation	[121]
Nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (Ncoa3)	2.33	Chromatin modification, histone acetylation	[122]
Nucleophosmin (nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, numatrin) (Nmp1)	1.8	Nucleosome assembly	[123]

NRG: Neuregulin.

Table 2 Changes in mRNA levels of fatty acid metabolism enzyme genes in rat cardiomyocytes treated with rhneuregulin-1β

Gene	Fold increase(rhNRG-1β/vehicle)	Function	Ref.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ib, muscle (Cpt1b)	1.83	Rate-limiting enzyme which imports fatty acid for mitochondrial oxidation	[124]
Acyl-CoA synthetase, long-chain family 4 (Acsl4)	2.31	Promotes fatty acid uptake	[125]
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase, mitochondrial (Decr1)	2.04	Catalyzes the rate-limiting step that prepares polyunsaturated fatty acids to be utilized as substrates for β-oxidation	[126]
Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Hadhb)	1.59	β-subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids	[127,128]
Transketolase (Tkt)	1.97	Necessary for the production of NADPH, especially in tissues actively engaged in biosyntheses, such as fatty acid synthesis	[129]
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (Acat1)	1.89	Enzyme participates in ten metabolic pathways including fatty acid metabolism	[130]
Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 (Hsd17b4)	1.64	Enzyme involved in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation	[131]
Dodecenoyl-coenzyme A delta isomerase (Dci)	1.66	Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzyme	[132]
Protein kinase, AMP-activated, β1 non-catalytic subunit (Prkab1)	1.98	Regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase, involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol	[133]

NRG: Neuregulin.