Hepatic and renal effects of oral stingless bee honey in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

Table 1 Mean fasting capillary blood glucose (day 0 and day 13) in response to different treatments over 12 d

Group	Fasting capillary plasma glucose (mmol/L)
	Day 0	Day 13
Non-diabetic	4.85 ± 0.26	4.48 ± 0.38
Untreated diabetic	20.00 ± 1.69	21.38 ± 2.94
Stingless bee honey	14.74 ± 2.25	7.66 ± 1.60
Metformin-treated	13.78 ± 1.18	7.00 ± 2.44
Stingless bee honey plus metformin	12.25 ± 2.43	9.73 ± 3.72

Data was analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-test. Data are expressed as mean + SEM.

Table 2 Biochemical evaluation of renal function in response to different treatments over 12 d

Analytes	ND	UNT	SBH	MET	SBME
Urea (mmol/L)	8.28 ± 0.59	14.28 ± 4.92	7.95 ± 1.85	9.70 ± 0.30	7.30 ± 3.20
Creatinine (µmol/L)	46.00 ± 1.73	50.67 ± 1.80	46.17 ± 2.48	37.82 ± 8.62	40.80 ± 11.91
Na+ (mmol/L)	135.30 ± 1.93	138.40 ± 0.68	136.30 ± 0.88	134.40 ± 1.12	135.00 ± 1.23
K+ (mmol/L)	4.68 ± 0.12	4.45 ± 0.10	4.56 ± 0.32	4.52 ± 0.17	4.48 ± 0.11
Ca2+ (mmol/L)	2.36 ± 0.06	2.28 ± 0.04	2.35 ± 0.05	2.32 ± 0.04	2.36 ± 0.03
Mg2+ (mmol/L)	0.95 ± 0.03	0.88 ± 0.03	1.07 ± 0.05	0.93 ± 0.05	1.01 ± 0.14

Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-test. Data were expressed as mean + SEM. Among these five groups, there were no statistically significant differences in all parameters.

Table 3 Biochemical evaluation of liver function in response to different treatments over 12 d

Group	Analytes
	Albumin (g/L)	Total	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALP (U/L)
		Protein (g/L)
Non-diabetic	32.00 ± 1.10	54.25 ± 0.75	58.00 ± 5.40	110.40 ± 12.14	134.60 ± 5.59
Untreated diabetic	28.50 ± 0.65	49.67 ± 2.19	75.50 ± 33.18	121.00 ± 7.44	162.00 ± 25.65
Stingless bee honey	29.33 ± 0.71	52.67 ± 2.32	64.20 ± 0.80	108.30 ± 11.46	131.70 ± 23.92
Metformin	28.40 ± 0.51a	50.33 ± 0.33	69.00 ± 7.41	110.30 ± 6.921	126.70 ± 14.84
Stingless bee honey plus metformin	29.50 ± 0.87	53.67 ± 1.20	71.50 ± 15.50	116.00 ± 11.41	149.30 ± 7.75

^aP < 0.05 compared with non-diabetic.

Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-test. Data were expressed as mean + SEM. ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase.