Published online Sep 20, 2024. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.95512
Revised: July 19, 2024
Accepted: July 29, 2024
Published online: September 20, 2024
Processing time: 139 Days and 11.3 Hours
Various important medicines make use of secondary metabolites that are pro
Core Tip: This review provides insights into the phytochemical profiles and therapeutic activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera, which are medicinally significant plants of great importance in the practice of traditional medicine. Currently, the potential of these plants as antiviral agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), particularly SARS-CoV-2, is of interest.
- Citation: Rai P, Garain T, Gupta D. Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera and their therapeutic activities with special reference to COVID-19. World J Exp Med 2024; 14(3): 95512
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v14/i3/95512.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.95512
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic chemical substances that are used to treat infectious diseases by modifying and regulating the immune system, which is the first barrier. Immunomodulators are generally grouped into three categories by their activity as immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, and immunoadjuvants[1]. Cytotoxicity and side effects reported to be associated with immunomodulators have led to the increased use of plant products for medicinal purposes in recent years. Plants have long been used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Pharmacologically active secondary metabolites produced by medicinal plants include alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids[2-6]. In Ayurvedic literature, these medicinal plants are regarded as “Rasayana” and are known as “Amrita,” which indicates they have significant medical properties and uses[7-12]. These plants have been analyzed for the presence of chemical compounds, such as those mentioned above, that can be used in the synthesis of drugs with target activity. Phytochemicals are isolated from dried plant material with various solvents including alcohols, ether, dichloromethane, or chloroform[13-16]. Plant-based nutraceuticals can aid in the prevention of viral invasion. Glutathione and functional amino acids (such as arginine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, taurine, and tryptophan), which are plentiful in food derived from animals, are essential for both human and animal health and immunity.
Tinospora cordifolia is a climbing plant in family Menispermaceae and grows throughout the Indian subcontinent and in some African countries T. cordifolia is important because of its medicinal properties. In Hindi, it is called giloy, which in Hindu mythology is a potion that helped the Gods stay permanently young[17-23]. Withania somnifera, known as winter cherry, or Indian ginseng[24], is a xerophytic plant in family Solanaceae and is found in arid areas and at altitudes above 5500 feet in the Himalayas. Strong immunomodulation by extracts of W. somnifera have been reported and were associated with activation of macrophages that are involved in the destruction of various pathogens like bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc[6,25-29].
A comprehensive search of PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar of all important articles published on T. cordifolia and W. somnifera from 1996 until the writing of this review manuscript was performed. Duplicate articles were merged. The primary outcome of this review was re-establishing the medicinal importance of these two plants, with reference to the important constituents present in their extracts. Their medicinal properties were attributed to the alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins that they contain. The potential of these plants to be used as antiviral agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 in particular, was the secondary outcome.
T. cordifolia and W. somnifera contain various classes of phytochemicals that are responsible for their role in Aryuvedic and Unani medicine[6,30]. Table 1 describes the various classes of phytoconstituents reported to be present in both T. cordifolia and W. somnifera extracts. Both medicinal plants were found to contain alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, glycosides, steroids, phytosterols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and amino acids as the major classes of natural products. These classes were evaluated by diagnostic testing as mentioned in Table 1[31-54]. Figures 1 and 2 show some of the important phytoconstituents responsible for the broad pharmacological activity of T. cordifolia and W. somnifera. Xia et al[43] recently attempted to list all the withanolides present in all the Withania species.
S/No. | Compound class | Tests | Tinospora cordifolia | Withania somnifera | ||||||||
Extract types | A | B | C | D | E | A | B | C | D | E | ||
1 | Alkaloids | Mayer’s test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | √ | X |
Dragendorff’s test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | √ | X | ||
Hager’s test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | √ | X | ||
2 | Glycosides | Legal’s test | X | X | √ | √ | X | X | X | √ | √ | X |
3 | Phenols | Ferric chloride test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | √ | √ | X |
4 | Saponins | Foam test | X | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | √ | X |
5 | Steroids and Terpenoids | Liebermann-Burchard’s test | X | X | X | X | √ | √ | X | X | √ | X |
6 | Phytosterols | Salkowski’s test | X | X | √ | X | √ | √ | X | X | X | X |
7 | Flavonoids | Alkaline reagent test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | X | √ |
8 | Amino acids and Proteins | Ninhydrin test | √ | X | √ | √ | X | X | X | X | X | √ |
9 | Carbohydrates | Molisch’s test | √ | X | √ | √ | X | X | X | √ | √ | X |
Fehling’s test | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | X | X | √ | √ | X |
The literature available on the therapeutic uses of T. cordifolia indicates that it possesses important medicinal properties, including immunostimulatory, microbial, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. It has been reported that glycosides such as cordifolioside A and B and syringin are the compounds primarily responsible for the immunomodulatory activity of T. cordifolia[18,22,35,40,55-60]. Tinocordiside[50], cordioside, and palmatosides were found to have neuroprotective activity in Parkinson’s disease and dementia[44-50], and borapetoside C had antidiabetic activity[61]. The immunomodulatory substances included 11-hydroxymustakone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-formylannonain, cordiofolioside A, and syringin. Furanolactone, and tinosporides were reported to have anti-inflammatory action in viral diseases, and tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, and berberine had anticancer activity[49].
It has been reported that withanolides with steroidal cores account for the primary pharmacological activity of W. somnifera and are believed to be precursors in the synthesis of hormones. Withaferin A and withanolide D are examples of such compounds[51-54,62-65]. Withanolides were found to be potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antileishmaniasis agents[65], and 3-β-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-withanolide was reported to be neuroprotective[66]. Withanamide (A-H) was shown to help neutralize the toxicity of β-amyloid protein and protect against cell death in Alzheimer’s disease. It also inhibited lipid peroxidation[67]. The compound 4β, 20-dihydroxy-i-oxo-5β,6β, epoxy-witha-2,24-dienolide was found to have antitumor activity. Withanolide-E had antifeedant activity[43]. Sitoindosides IX and X were responsible for the immunomodulatory activity of the Withania species. Bioactive constituents present in Withania such as withanosides, sitoindosides, steroidal lactones, and alkaloids were found to have a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential[35].
The importance of medicinally important natural products has increased because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its aftermath[68-71]. The lack of an effective medicine or vaccines led investigators to search for natural products that are easily available and can help fight this disease either by being viricidal or by strengthening the immune system. Proper understanding of the interaction between the coronavirus and cell-surface receptors forms the basis of developing curative medications to combat novel coronavirus. Several medicinal plants have been reported to produce pharmacologically active compounds that have effective antiviral properties[1,72]. This study included natural compounds that reduce the risk of coronavirus infection by inhibiting viral entry into the host cell. W. somnifera and T. cordifolia have proven to be among the most important plants in combating novel coronavirus. Computational studies have been carried out to determine the efficacy of active compounds obtained from both plants against coronavirus[30].
Studies of the phytochemicals of W. somnifera have shown them to have great potential as antiviral agents for treating viral diseases, including human papillomavirus, H1N1 influenza, Herpes simplex, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The Indian Government, the Indian Council of Medical Research, and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research have issued advisories emphasizing the use of W. somnifera as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19[64,73-76]. As mentioned previously, withanolide is the main active constituent of W. somnifera. Withanolide D, withaferin A, and withanoside I-VII were reported to have significant and effective biological activity in managing COVID-19. Molecular docking studies have shown that natural ingredients of W. somnifera namely, withanone, caffeic acid phenyl ester, and some other biologically active substances interact with novel coronavirus receptors and impede interaction of the virus with host cells[77,78]. In a docking study by Borse et al[70], ashwagandhanolide had the highest docking score (−9.9 Kcal/mol) for all three SARS-CoV-2 protein targets having its drug-likeness. Molecular docking results reported by Prajapati et al[79] showed that flavone glycoside, sugar alcohol, and flavonoid present in W. somnifera had binding potentials of −11.69, −11.61, −10.1, and −7.71 kcal/mol, respectively, for the spike-protein on the surface of coronavirus, CD26, RdRp, and TMPRSS2 proteins.
Twenty-eight important phytochemicals are present in T. cordifolia, including tinocordiside, an active ingredient with a strong binding affinity for the novel coronavirus. This phytochemical has proven to be an effective immunomodulator and has been found to inhibit the infection of host cells by coronavirus[50,80-85]. Docking analysis and its absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity revealed that six of thirty-one potential constituents (alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids) of a T. cordifolia extract had strong interactions with human SARS-CoV-2 receptors, prevented the entry of the virus, and thus have potential for COVID-19 prophylaxis[86]. A ketone, tinosponone from T. cordifolia is a strong inhibitor of the 3CL major protease of SARS-CoV-2, as shown by computer-aided drug design. Confirmation of its inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2 needs to be shown in in vitro and in vivo studies[87]. In silico studies revealed that saponarin, a phytochemical present in T. cordifolia, had a binding affinity of −8.75 kcal/mol and a was a potential inhibitor of the main protease of COVID-19[86-89]. Thakkar et al[90] reported that columbin, tinosporide, N-trans-feruloyl-tyramine-diacetate, amritoside C, amritoside B, amritoside A, tinocordifolin, palmatoside G, palmatoside F, and maslinic acids were key molecules for further study based on their docking scores, which ranged from −5.02 to −5.72 Kcal/mol)[88,90]. T. cordifolia has been linked to autoimmune acute hepatitis and a study found that its use can reveal autoimmune hepatitis in patients[91]. In the interest of public health, further research is needed on the safety and effectiveness of unproven but widely marketed herbal remedies in alternative medical systems, and it is particularly important in light of the current worldwide health crisis[91,92].
This review has discussed evidence that both T. cordifolia and W. somnifera hold a special place in the ancient texts and they have proven to be equally important in modern medicine. Extraction and phytochemical analysis have revealed that these plants are rich sources of numerous biologically active compounds. Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, a lot of attention has been directed toward increasing the immunity of the human body against various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, etc. The immunomodulatory activities of T. cordifolia and W. somnifera have been a part of Ayurvedic medication for a long time. Recent clinical studies of the products obtained from these plants have confirmed their therapeutic action in benefiting the immune system.
While the preliminary findings are promising, further clinical trials and research are needed to establish standard dosages and the safety and efficacy of these phytochemicals in the context of COVID-19. Integration of these herbal remedies with conventional treatment would offer a holistic approach to managing the disease, improving patient outcomes, and enhancing overall health resilience. In conclusion, T. cordifolia and W. somnifera have significant therapeutic potential, particularly as supportive treatment of COVID-19. Their rich phytochemical composition and multifaceted health benefits underscore the importance of further research and validation in clinical settings.
The authors are thankful to Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing the necessary infrastructure and library facility for the compilation of information.
1. | Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Sujarit K, Pattananandecha T, Saenjum C, Lumyong S. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fungi as Potential Candidates for Protease Inhibitors and Immunomodulators to Apply for Coronaviruses. Molecules. 2020;25. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 59] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 41] [Article Influence: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
2. | Ali K, Shuaib M, Ilyas M, Hussain F, Hussain F. Medicinal Uses of Chemical Extracts from Withania somnifera and Its Antimicrobial Activity: A Mini-Review. PSM Microbiology. 2017;2:20-23. [Cited in This Article: ] |
3. | Mittal J, Sharma MM, Batra A. Tinospora cordifolia: a multipurpose medicinal plant- A review. J Med Plants Stud. 2014;2:32-47. [Cited in This Article: ] |
4. | Mukherjee P, Nema N, Pandit S, Mukherjee K. Indian Medicinal Plants with Hypoglycemic Potential. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes, 2013. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
5. | Srivastava AK, Chaurasia JP, Dhand C, Khan R, Verma S. Role of Medicinal Plants of Traditional Use in Recuperating Devastating Role of Medicinal Plants of Traditional Use in Recuperating Devastating COVID-19 Situation. Med Aromat Plants (Los Angel). 2020;9:1-16. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
6. | Saiyed A, Jahan N, Majeedi SF, Roqaiya M. Medicinal properties, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera: an important drug of Unani Medicine. J Sci Innov Res. 2016;5:156-160. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
7. | Doshi GM, Une HD, Shanbhag PP. Rasayans and non-rasayans herbs: Future immunodrug - Targets. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7:92-96. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 11] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 12] [Article Influence: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
8. | Chulet R, Pradhan P. A review on rasayana. Pharmacogn Rev. 2009;3:229-234. [Cited in This Article: ] |
9. | Balasubramani SP, Venkatasubramanian P, Kukkupuni SK, Patwardhan B. Plant-based Rasayana drugs from Ayurveda. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17:88-94. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 61] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 38] [Article Influence: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
10. | Thakur M, Weng A, Fuchs H, Sharma V, Bhargava CS, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK, Bhargava S. Rasayana properties of Ayurvedic herbs: Are polysaccharides a major contributor. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;87:3-15. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 35] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 24] [Article Influence: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
11. | Gupta GD, Sujatha N, Dhanik A, Rai NP. Clinical Evaluation of Shilajatu Rasayana in patients with HIV Infection. Ayu. 2010;31:28-32. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 14] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
12. | Baliga MS, Meera S, Shivashankara AR, Palatty PL, Haniadka R. The Health Benefits of Indian Traditional Ayurvedic Rasayana (Anti-aging) Drugs: A Review. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR, editors. Foods and Dietary Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Older Adults. San Diego: Academic Press, 2015: 151-161. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
13. | Feng WS, Li M, Hao ZY, Zhang JK. Analytical Methods of Isolation and Identification. In: Rao V, Mans D, Rao L, editors. Phytochemicals in Human Health. London: IntechOpen, 2019. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
14. | Filipiak-Szok A, Kurzawa M, Szłyk E, Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A, Grajewski J. Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng). Chem Zvesti. 2017;71:1073-1082. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
15. | Ansari J, Khan A, Ahmad M, Fatima N, Rastogi N, Khan M, Khan H, Mahdi A. Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Studies of Some Medicinal Plants from Indian Sub-continent. BJPR. 2016;11:1-11. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 3] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Article Influence: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
16. | Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2017;6. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 534] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 536] [Article Influence: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
17. | Gurib-Fakim A. Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Mol Aspects Med. 2006;27:1-93. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 958] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 766] [Article Influence: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
18. | Sibi PI, Rahees T. Tinosporacordifolia: A potential plant with immunomodulatory activity. IJPT. 2013;12:30-38. [Cited in This Article: ] |
19. | Spandana U, Ali SL, Nirmala T, Santhi M, Sipai Babu SD. A review on tinospora cordifolia. IJPPR. 2013;4:61-68. [Cited in This Article: ] |
20. | Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012;31:151-159. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 116] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 129] [Article Influence: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
21. | Choudhary N, Siddiqui MB, Azmat S, Khatoon S. Tinospora Cordifolia: Ethnobotany, Phytopharmacology and Phytochemistry Aspects. IJPSR. 2013;4:891-899. [Cited in This Article: ] |
22. | Kaur G, Prabhakar PK, Lal UR, Suttee A. Phytochemical and biological analysis of Tinospora cordifolia. IJTPR. 2016;8:297-305. [Cited in This Article: ] |
23. | Tiwari P, Nayak P, Prusty SK, Sahu PK. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Tinospora cordifolia: A Review. SRP. 2018;9:70-78. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26] [Article Influence: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
24. | Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:1093-1105. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 214] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 188] [Article Influence: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
25. | Dar NJ, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;72:4445-4460. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 200] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 146] [Article Influence: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
26. | Dhar RS, Verma V, Suri KA, Sangwan RS, Satti NK, Kumar A, Tuli R, Qazi GN. Phytochemical and genetic analysis in selected chemotypes of Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry. 2006;67:2269-2276. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 61] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 32] [Article Influence: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
27. | Uddin Q, Samiulla L, Singh VK, Jamil SS. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Withania somnifera dunal: A review. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2012;2:170-175. [Cited in This Article: ] |
28. | Kalra R, Kaushik N. Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal: a review of chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochem Rev. 2017;16:953-987. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
29. | Dar PA, Singh LR, Kamal MA, Dar TA. Unique Medicinal Properties of Withania somnifera: Phytochemical Constituents and Protein Component. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22:535-540. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23] [Article Influence: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
30. | Murugesan S, Kottekad S, Crasta I, Sreevathsan S, Usharani D, Perumal MK, Mudliar SN. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytocompounds of ayurvedic medicinal plants - Emblica officinalis (Amla), Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Bhumi Amla) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) - A molecular docking and simulation study. Comput Biol Med. 2021;136:104683. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 48] [Article Influence: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
31. | Srivastava MP, Gupta S, Dixit S, Yadav N, Yadav V, Singh H, Kanaujia P, Sharma YK. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A wonder herb with multiple medicinal properties. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018;4:123-130. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
32. | Mikulska P, Malinowska M, Ignacyk M, Szustowski P, Nowak J, Pesta K, Szeląg M, Szklanny D, Judasz E, Kaczmarek G, Ejiohuo OP, Paczkowska-Walendowska M, Gościniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 21] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
33. | Choudhry N, Singh S, Siddiqui MB, Khatoon S. Impact of seasons and dioecy on therapeutic phytoconstituents of Tinospora cordifolia, a Rasayana drug. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:902138. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 19] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 17] [Article Influence: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
34. | Maurya R. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania coagulans: an Ayurvedic remedy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62:153-160. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 42] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 42] [Article Influence: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
35. | Bashir A, Nabi M, Tabassum N, Afzal S, Ayoub M. An updated review on phytochemistry and molecular targets of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha). Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1049334. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
36. | Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Haris M, Abdel-Daim MM. Recent updates on immunological, pharmacological, and alternative approaches to combat COVID-19. Inflammopharmacology. 2021;29:1331-1346. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
37. | El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules. 2020;10. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 175] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 148] [Article Influence: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
38. | Aher V, Wahi A. Pharmacological study of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunomodulator. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2010;2:50-52. [Cited in This Article: ] |
39. | Srivastava N, Chauhan AS, Sharma B. Isolation and characterization of some phytochemicals from Indian traditional plants. Biotechnol Res Int. 2012;2012:549850. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26] [Article Influence: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
40. | Sharma P, Dwivedee BP, Bisht D, Dash AK, Kumar D. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon. 2019;5:e02437. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 77] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 85] [Article Influence: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
41. | Kumar V, Singh S, Singh A, Dixit AK, Srivastava B, Sidhu GK, Singh R, Meena AK, Singh RP, Subhose V, Prakash O. Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Protein Binding Qualities of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tinospora cordifolia. JBAPN. 2018;8:192-200. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 11] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
42. | Kavitha BT, Shruthi SD, Rai SP, Ramachandra YL. Phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective properties of Tinospora cordifolia against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2011;2:139-142. [Cited in This Article: ] |
43. | Xia GY, Cao SJ, Chen LX, Qiu F. Natural withanolides, an update. Nat Prod Rep. 2022;39:784-813. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 5] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 24] [Article Influence: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
44. | Reddy NM, Reddy R. Tinospora cordifolia Chemical Constituents and Medicinal Properties: A Review. SAJP. 2015;4:364-369. [Cited in This Article: ] |
45. | Kavya B, Kavya N, Ramarao V, Venkateshwarlu G. Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.: Nutritional, Ethnomedical And Therapeutic Utility. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2015;6:195-198. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
46. | Phan VK, Chau VM, Nguyen TD, La VK, Dan TH, Nguyen HN, Nguyen XC, Hoang TH, Trinh VL. Aporphine alkaloids, clerodane diterpenes, and other constituents from Tinospora cordifolia. Fitoterapia. 2010;81:485-489. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 33] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 35] [Article Influence: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
47. | Gaur LB, Singh SP, Gaur SC, Bornare SS, Chavan AS, Kumar S, Ram M. A Basic Information, Cultivation and Medicinal Use of Tinospora cordifolia. Popular Kheti. 2014;2:188-192. [Cited in This Article: ] |
48. | Maurya R, Wazir V, Kapil A, Kapil RS. Cordifoliosides A and B, two New Phenylpropene Disaccharides fromTinospora cordifoliapossessing Immunostimulant Activity. Natural Product Letters. 1996;8:7-10. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 18] [Article Influence: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
49. | Ali H, Dixit S. Extraction optimization of Tinospora cordifolia and assessment of the anticancer activity of its alkaloid palmatine. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:376216. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 26] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 27] [Article Influence: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
50. | Ghosal S, Vishwakarma RA. Tinocordiside, a New Rearranged Cadinane Sesquiterpene Glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia. J Nat Prod. 1997;60:839-841. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
51. | Budhiraja R, Krishan P, Sudhir S. Biological Activity of Withanolides. JSIR. 2000;59:904-911. [Cited in This Article: ] |
52. | Choudhary MI, Nawaz SA, ul-Haq Z, Lodhi MA, Ghayur MN, Jalil S, Riaz N, Yousuf S, Malik A, Gilani AH, ur-Rahman A. Withanolides, a new class of natural cholinesterase inhibitors with calcium antagonistic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;334:276-287. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 65] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 60] [Article Influence: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
53. | Abou-Douh AM. New withanolides and other constituents from the fruit of Withania somnifera. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2002;335:267-276. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
54. | Verma SK, Kumar A. Therapeutic uses of withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) with a note on withanolides and its pharmacological actions. AJPCR. 2011;4:1-4. [Cited in This Article: ] |
55. | Kapil A, Sharma S. Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58:89-95. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 98] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 84] [Article Influence: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
56. | Akhtar S. Use of Tinospora cordifolia in HIV infection. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42:57. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 12] [Article Influence: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
57. | Sinha K, Mishra N, Singh J, Khanuja S. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), a reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: A Review. IJTK. 2004;03:257-270. [Cited in This Article: ] |
58. | Sudhakaran DS, Srirekha P, Devasree LD, Premsingh S, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in Oreochromis mossambicus. Indian J Exp Biol. 2006;44:726-732. [Cited in This Article: ] |
59. | Mishra P, Jamdar P, Desai S, Patel D, Meshram D. Phytochemical analysis and assessment of in vitro antibacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3:224-234. [Cited in This Article: ] |
60. | Verma R, Khan AB. Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Potential of Tinospora Cordifolia - a Review. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2018;8:54-69. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
61. | Ruan CT, Lam SH, Chi TC, Lee SS, Su MJ. Borapetoside C from Tinospora crispa improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Phytomedicine. 2012;19:719-724. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 37] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 28] [Article Influence: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
62. | White PT, Subramanian C, Motiwala HF, Cohen MS. Natural Withanolides in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;928:329-373. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 36] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 48] [Article Influence: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
63. | Ascher KRS, Eliyahu M, Glotter E, Kirson I, Abraham A. Distribution of the chemotypes ofWithania somnifera in some areas of Israel: Feeding studies withSpodoptera littoralis larvae and chemical examination of withanolide content. Phytoparasitica. 1984;12:147-155. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
64. | Dhawan M, Parmar M, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Bilal M, Aq KD. Medicinal and therapeutic potential of withanolides from Withania somnifera against COVID-19. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2021;11:006-013. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Article Influence: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
65. | Singh A, Raza A, Amin S, Damodaran C, Sharma AK. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Therapeutic Evaluation of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Withanolides. Molecules. 2022;27. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
66. | Sarbishegi M, Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Valizadeh M, Doostkami M. Neuroprotective effects of Withania coagulans root extract on CA1 hippocampus following cerebral ischemia in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6:399-409. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
67. | Gaurav H, Yadav D, Maurya A, Yadav H, Yadav R, Shukla AC, Sharma M, Gupta VK, Palazon J. Biodiversity, Biochemical Profiling, and Pharmaco-Commercial Applications of Withania somnifera: A Review. Molecules. 2023;28. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
68. | Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Ohri P, Sharma A, Ahmad A, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine. 2021;85:153361. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 86] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 73] [Article Influence: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
69. | Kashyap VK, Dhasmana A, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M. Withania somnifera as a potential future drug molecule for COVID-19. Future Drug Discov. 2020;2:FDD50. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 5] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
70. | Borse S, Joshi M, Saggam A, Bhat V, Walia S, Marathe A, Sagar S, Chavan-Gautam P, Girme A, Hingorani L, Tillu G. Ayurveda botanicals in COVID-19 management: An in silico multi-target approach. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0248479. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 46] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 39] [Article Influence: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
71. | Rawat K, Kumari P, Saha L. COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;892:173751. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 154] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 161] [Article Influence: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
72. | Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z, Idrees M, Azizullah A, Adnan M, Bussmann RW. Food as medicine: A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Phytother Res. 2020;34:3124-3136. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 48] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 50] [Article Influence: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
73. | Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Science of Ashwagandha: Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials. Cham: Springer Cham, 2017. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
74. | Singh N, Yadav SS, Rao AS, Nandal A, Kumar S, Ganaie SA, Narasihman B. Review on anticancerous therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;270:113704. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 12] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
75. | Straughn AR, Kakar SS. Withaferin A: a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13:79. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 43] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 25] [Article Influence: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
76. | John J. Therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: A report on phyto-pharmacological properties. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2014;5:2131-2148. [Cited in This Article: ] |
77. | Sudeep HV, Gouthamchandra K, Shyamprasad K. Molecular docking analysis of Withaferin A from Withania somnifera with the Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) receptor and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Bioinformation. 2020;16:411-417. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 20] [Article Influence: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
78. | Shree P, Mishra P, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Chaube R, Garg N, Tripathi YB. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants - Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) - a molecular docking study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2022;40:190-203. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 72] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 134] [Article Influence: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
79. | Prajapati KS, Singh AK, Kushwaha PP, Shuaib M, Maurya SK, Gupta S, Senapati S, Singh SP, Waseem M, Kumar S. Withaniasomnifera phytochemicals possess SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and human TMPRSS2 protein binding potential. Vegetos. 2023;36:701-720. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 3] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Article Influence: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
80. | Abood WN, Fahmi I, Abdulla MA, Ismail S. Immunomodulatory effect of an isolated fraction from Tinospora crispa on intracellular expression of INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-8. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:205. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 30] [Article Influence: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
81. | Dhama K, Sachan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Iqbal HMN, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Samad HA, Tiwari R, Dadar M. Medicinal and Beneficial Health Applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A Miraculous Herb Countering Various Diseases/Disorders and its Immunomodulatory Effects. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2017;10:96-111. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 41] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
82. | Bala M, Pratap K, Verma PK, Singh B, Padwad Y. Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;175:131-137. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 40] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 37] [Article Influence: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
83. | Kalikar MV, Thawani VR, Varadpande UK, Sontakke SD, Singh RP, Khiyani RK. Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Indian J Pharmacol. 2008;40:107-110. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 45] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 53] [Article Influence: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
84. | Kamra Verma A, Anita VK. Assessment of the Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Potential of the Aqueous Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia. Res J Chem Sci. 1:71-79. [Cited in This Article: ] |
85. | Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N, Singh B, Munshi RK, Bhalerao S. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141:918-926. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 129] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 107] [Article Influence: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
86. | Jena S, Munusami P, Mm B, Chanda K. Computationally approached inhibition potential of Tinospora cordifolia towards COVID-19 targets. Virusdisease. 2021;32:65-77. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 12] [Article Influence: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
87. | Krupanidhi S, Abraham Peele K, Venkateswarulu TC, Ayyagari VS, Nazneen Bobby M, John Babu D, Venkata Narayana A, Aishwarya G. Screening of phytochemical compounds of Tinospora cordifolia for their inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39:5799-5803. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 40] [Article Influence: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
88. | Mulpuru V, Mishra N. Computational Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor in Tinospora cordifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans. Virus disease. 2021;32:511-517. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 3] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
89. | Chaudhary A, Das R, Mehta K, Mehta DK. Indian herb Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora species: Phytochemical and therapeutic application. Heliyon. 2024;10:e31229. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
90. | Thakkar SS, Shelat F, Thakor P. Magical bullets from an indigenous Indian medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia: An in silico approach for the antidote of SARS-CoV-2. Egypt J Pet. 2021;30:53-66. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 10] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
91. | Kulkarni AV, Hanchanale P, Prakash V, Kalal C, Sharma M, Kumar K, Bishnu S, Kulkarni AV, Anand L, Patwa AK, Kumbar S, Kainth S, Philips CA; Liver Research Club India. Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic-Multicenter Nationwide Study From India. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6:1289-1300. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 8] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16] [Article Influence: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
92. | Panneer Selvam K, Payyappallimana U, Ravikumar K, Venkatasubramanian P. Can Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a well-known ayurvedic hepato-protectant cause liver damage? J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023;14:100658. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |