Anti-hypertensive effect of enriched white melon seed protein concentrate biscuit on sodium fluoride exposed rats

Figure 1 The effects of 10% and 20% white melon seed protein concentrate biscuit diets in control and treated Wistar rats. A: Systolic blood pressure; B: Diastolic blood pressure; C: Mean arterial blood pressure; D: Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activities; E: Nitric oxide concentrations; F: Reactive oxygen species production; G: Catalase activities; H: Superoxide dismutase; I: Creatinine kinase-MB concentrations; J: Lactate dehydrogenase activities; K: Nuclear factor-kappa B concentrations; L: α-tumour necrosis factor concentrations; M: Interleukin 1β concentrations; N: Myeloperoxidase activities; O: Cholesterol concentrations; P: Triglyceride concentrations; Q: High-density lipoprotein concentrations; R: Low-density lipoprotein concentrations; S: Atherogenic index; T: Cardiac troponin I immunoreactivity in the left ventricle. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001 vs the normal control group. ^eP < 0.05, ^fP < 0.01, ^gP < 0.001, ^hP < 0.0001 vs sodium fluoride exposed only group. ⁱP < 0.05, ^jP < 0.01, ^kP < 0.001, ^lP < 0.0001 vs the standard drug (Lisinopril) administered group. Group A: Normal control group; Group B: Received 10% white melon seed protein concentrate (WSP) biscuit meal only; Group C: Received 20% WSP biscuit meal only; Group D: Orally received 300 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water; Group E: Received 300 mg/L NaF + Lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt); Group F: Received 300 mg/L NaF + 10% WSP biscuit meal; Group G: Received 300 mg/L NaF and 20% WSP biscuit meal.

Figure 2 showing photomicrographs of left ventricles of treated and control groups of Wistar rats grouped. A-G: Black arrow–muscle fibre, green arrow–nucleus, blue arrow–degenerated muscle fibre, red arrow–displaced Nucleus (hematoxylin and eosin × 400). A: Normal control group; B: Received 10% white melon seed protein (WSP) biscuit meal only; C: Received 20% WSP biscuit meal only; D: Orally received 300 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water; E: Received 300 mg/L NaF + Lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt); F: Received 300 mg/L NaF + 10% WSP biscuit meal; G: Received 300 mg/L NaF and 20% WSP biscuit meal.

Figure 3 Showing photomicrographs of left ventricles of treated and control groups of Wistar rats grouped. A-G: Black arrow–collagen deposit (MT × 400). A: Normal control group; B: Received 10% white melon seed protein (WSP) biscuit meal only; C: Received 20% WSP biscuit meal only; D: Orally received 300 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water; E: Received 300 mg/L NaF + Lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt); F: Received 300 mg/L NaF + 10% WSP biscuit meal; G: Received 300 mg/L NaF and 20% WSP biscuit meal.

Figure 4 Showing photomicrographs of left ventricles of treated and control groups of Wistar rats grouped. A-G: Blue arrows-immunoreactive cells, black arrow–immunonegative cells (CnTI × 400). A: Normal control group; B: Received 10% white melon seed protein (WSP) biscuit meal only; C: Received 20% WSP biscuit meal only; D: Orally received 300 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water; E: Received 300 mg/L NaF + Lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt); F: Received 300 mg/L NaF + 10% WSP biscuit meal; G: Received 300 mg/L NaF and 20% WSP biscuit meal.