Integrative review of the gut microbiome’s role in pain management for orthopaedic conditions

Figure 1  Influence of gut dysbiosis in the disease states of various organ systems in the body.

Figure 2 Osteoimmunology of degenerative joint disease resulting in arthritis. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; IL: Interleukin; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; PRR: Pattern recognition receptor; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR: Toll-like receptor; HSP: Heat shock protein; HMGB: High mobility group box.

Figure 3 Treatment methods to maintain healthy gut microbiome as a strategy in the management of orthopaedic ailments. FMT: Faecal microbiome transfer.