Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for diabetic neuropathy: A novel approach

Table 1 Possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets in diabetic neuropathy

MiRNA molecule	Mechanism	Expression in DN	Circulating	Citation
miRNA-199a-3p	Inhibition of SerpinE2 expression - coagulation in peripheral circulation	Upregulated	Yes	[17]
miRNA-190a-5p	Inhibition of SLC17A6 gene	Downregulated	No	[18]
miRNA-25	Inhibition of oxidative stress, decreases AGEs and RAGE production	Downregulated	No	[19]
miRNA-9	Interacts with CALHM1 in neuron-glial signalling	Upregulated	No	[20]
miRNA-146	Interacts with NFκB and inflammatory cytokines production	Downregulated	Yes	[21,22]
miRNA-23a	Targets CXCR4 - regulates neuropathic pain	Downregulated	No	[23]
miRNA499A	Prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial fission (impaired in cardiac autonomic neuropathy); regulates insulin resistance	Upregulated (GG genotype with rs3746444)	Yes	[24]
miRNA-29c	Inhibits neural axonal growth via inhibiting PRKCI gene expression	Upregulated	No	[25]

MiRNAs: microRNAs; CALHM1: Calcium homeostasis modulator 1; AGEs: Advanced end glycation products; RAGE: Receptor of advanced end glycation product; SerpinE2: Serine protease inhibitor E2; SLC17A6: Solute carrier family 17 member 6; PRKCI: Protein kinase C iota.