Inflammatory diseases modelling in zebrafish

Table 1 Zebrafish models of inflammatory bowel diseases

Model	Age	Induction	Characteristics
Oxazolone	Adult	Intrarectal administration of 0.2% oxazolone in 50% ethanol. Stand-alone tanks	Epithelial damage; infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils in intestine; depletion of goblet cells; upregulation of IL1β, TNFα and IL10[46]
TNBS	Adult	Intrarectal administration of TNBS (160 mmol/L) in 30% ethanol. Stand-alone tanks	Dose-dependent fish survival; disruption of the epithelial integrity; ulcerations; swelling, thickening and detachment of villi; no changes in goblet cells; upregulation of IL1β, IL8 and IL10[48]
	Larva (3-8 dpf)	50-75 µg/mL TNBS in swimming water (E3 medium)	Dose-dependent survival; expansion of intestinal lumen; loss of villi; increased number of goblet cell; upregulation of IL1β, TNFα, IL8, and MMP9; increased TNFα expression in lumen; infiltrate of myeloid cells[59,60]
DSS	Larva (3-6 dpf)	0.5% DSS in swimming water (E3 medium)	Mucosecretory phenotype; neutrophilic infiltration microbiota - dependent; upregulation of CCl20, IL1β, IL23, IL8, MMP9 and PCNAIL; increased proliferating cells[76]
Glafenine	Larva (5 dpf)	25 µmol/L glafenine for 12 h in in swimming water (E3 medium)	Apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells; ER stress in IECs[79]

TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium.

Table 2 Zebrafish models of obesity

Model	Age	Induction	Characteristics
Genetic models
AgRP overexpression	All stages	AgRP expressed under the control of β-actin promoter	Weight gain and linear growth; increased BMI; visceral adipose accumulation; increased triglycerides; larger visceral adipocytes[102]
Tg(krt4:Hsa.myrAkt1)cy18	All stages	Expression of constitutively active human AKt1	Weight gain; increased BMI; triglycerides accumulation; adipocyte hyperplasia; ectopic adipose tissue; increased expression of adiponectin, adiponectin receptors, leptin receptor; increased inflammatory molecules TNFα, IL1β, MMP2 and MMP9[104]
DIO models
Artemia overfeeding	Adult	Overfeeding with nauplii artemia for 8 wk	Increased BMI; high plasma triglycerides; hepatosteatosis[106]
Chow overfeeding	Adult	Overfeeding with standard fish chow for 8 mo	Weight gain; hepatosteatosis[109]
Zebrafish obesogenic test (OZ)	Larva	High-fat diet based in hard-boiled chicken egg-yolk ad libitum during one day	Increase in blood vessel lipids in a short time[110]
HCD	Larva	HCD, cholesterol mixed in fish standard dry food for 6 h. Extended HCD for 10 d	Infiltration of myeloid cells in intestine dependent of the inflammasome, microbiota and NFκB activation; extended feeding leads to visceral fat accumulation, liver steatosis, intestine inflammation, impaired peristalsis[111]

HCD: High cholesterol diet; BMI: Body mass index; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; MMP: Matrix metalloprotease.