Association of insulin resistance with serum ferritin and aminotransferases-iron hypothesis

doi:10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.232

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Exp Med. Nov 20, 2015; 5(4): 232-243
Published online Nov 20, 2015. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.232

Table 1 Clinical features of studied subjects

	Non-Hispanic whites		Non-Hispanic blacks		Hispanics
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
n	1373	1602	896	1057	957	964
Age (yr)	55 ± 19	54 ± 20	43 ± 17	42 ± 16	42 ± 17	41 ± 17
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	130 ± 18	125 ± 21	128 ± 18	122 ± 20	125 ± 17	120 ± 20
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	76 ± 10	72 ± 9	79 ± 11	74 ± 11	76 ± 10	71 ± 10
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.75 ± 4.63	26.39 ± 5.80	26.74 ± 5.34	29.07 ± 7.22	27.10 ± 4.64	28.26 ± 5.97
Transferrin saturation (%)	27.93 ± 8.39	24.58 ± 8.78	26.22 ± 8.11	21.75 ± 8.51	28.23 ± 8.59	22.95 ± 8.98
Ferritin (mcg/L)	176 ± 142	95 ± 104	215 ± 170	93 ± 111	169 ± 142	67 ± 95
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	22 ± 8	19 ± 8	25 ± 17	22 ± 8	27 ± 16	23 ± 19
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	18 ± 11	14 ± 10	19 ± 13	18 ± 11	28 ± 24	21 ± 23
Gamma glutamyl transferase (U/L)	35 ± 55	21 ± 20	46 ± 59	35 ± 55	46 ± 53	30 ± 31
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	0.43 ± 0.76	0.45 ± 0.62	0.48 ± 0.79	0.53 ± 0.65	0.44 ± 0.84	0.53 ± 0.80

Data presented mean ± SD.

Table 2 Comparison of serum indices of iron by the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus

	Non-Hispanic whites				Non-Hispanic blacks				Hispanics
	Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female
	DM	Non-DM	DM	Non-DM	DM	Non-DM	DM	Non-DM	DM	N0n-DM	DM	Non-DM
n	166	1207	137	1465	98	798	106	951	115	842	132	832
Iron (mcg/dL)
Mean	93	95	83	87	82	87	70	75	90	98	82	84
(95%CI)	(89, 97)	(94, 97)	(78, 88)	(86, 89)	(77, 87)	(85, 89)	(64, 75)	(74, 77)	(84, 97)	(96, 100)	(76, 87)	(82, 86)
P¹	NS		NS		NS		NS		0.01		NS
P²	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
P³	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
Total iron binding capacity (mcg/dL)
Mean	351	344	359	360	333	334	342	353	353	354	362	377
(95%CI)	(343, 359)	(341, 346)	(350, 368)	(357, 363)	(322, 344)	(330, 337)	(331, 352)	(349, 356)	(343, 363)	(351, 358)	(351, 373)	(372, 381)
P¹	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		0.01
P²	0.002		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
P³	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
Transferrin saturation (%)
Mean	27	28	23	25	25	26	21	22	26	28	23	23
(95%CI)	(26, 28)	(28, 29)	(22, 25)	(24, 25)	(23, 26)	(26, 27)	(19, 22)	(21, 22)	(24, 28)	(27, 28)	(22, 25)	(22, 23)
P¹	NS		NS		NS		NS		0.03		NS
P²	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
P³	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
Ferritin (mcg/L)
Mean	228	169	152	84	282	206	167	86	230	150	138	56
(95%CI)	(200, 256)	(161, 177)	(129, 175)	(79, 89)	(237, 327)	(195, 218)	(139, 195)	(79, 92)	(190, 270)	(142, 159)	(104, 171)	(52, 60)
P¹	< 0.000001		< 0.000001		0.00003		< 0.000001		< 0.000001		< 0.000001
P²	0.0001		0.000003		0.02		0.0001		0.00001		< 0.000001
P³	0.0002		0.000003		0.03		0.0001		0.000004		< 0.000001

Data presented mean with 95%CI. To convert values for iron and total iron binding capacity to mol/L, multiply by 0.1791.

¹P values for unadjusted comparison;

²P values for comparison after adjustment for age and body mass index;

³P values for comparison after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and mineral/iron supplement. NS: Not significant (P > 0.05); DM: Diabetes mellitus; NDM: Non-diabetic mellitus.

Table 3 Estimated beta cell function and insulin sensitivity indices by quintile of serum ferritin concentrations

	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	P¹	P²	P³
Beta cell function by the homeostasis model assessment (%B)⁴
Non-Hispanic white males	103 (96, 110)	98 (92, 105)	97 (90, 104)	106 (94, 118)	113 (102, 124)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic white females	117 (110, 124)	115 (108, 122)	109 (103, 114)	111 (104, 119)	110 (102, 118)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black males	113 (104, 122)	118 (107, 130)	112 (103, 120)	144 (107, 181)	117 (106, 129)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	177 (156, 197)	178 (161, 196)	151 (137, 164)	135 (121, 150)	135 (123, 147)	0.000001	NS	NS
Hispanic males	104 (91, 118)	112 (101, 124)	106 (97, 114)	123 (106, 141)	128 (116, 140)	0.004	NS	NS
Hispanic females	152 (140, 165)	150 (135, 164)	140 (129, 150)	136 (124, 147)	130 (119, 141)	0.003	NS	NS
Insulin sensitivity by the homeostasis model assessment (%S)⁵
Non-Hispanic white males	0.503 (0.472, 0.535)	0.549 (0.513, 0.585)	0.518 (0.484, 0.553)	0.494 (0.463, 0.525)	0.421 (0.388, 0.455)	0.00005	NS	0.05
Non-Hispanic white females	0.643 (0.610, 0.677)	0.603 (0.570, 0.637)	0.574 (0.539, 0.609)	0.555 (0.519, 0.591)	0.455 (0.420, 0.491)	< 0.000001	0.04	0.02
Non-Hispanic black males	0.562 (0.516, 0.608)	0.553 (0.504, 0.601)	0.559 (0.512, 0.605)	0.555 (0.498, 0.611)	0.48 (0.426, 0.535)	0.04	NS	0.05
Non-Hispanic black females	0.510 (0.476, 0.545)	0.479 (0.437, 0.522)	0.453 (0.421, 0.485)	0.458 (0.422, 0.495)	0.379 (0.343, 0.414)	0.000001	0.02	0.007
Hispanic males	0.538 (0.495, 0.580)	0.533 (0.489, 0.578)	0.527 (0.472, 0.583)	0.524 (0.460, 0.588)	0.338 (0.307, 0.370)	< 0.000001	0.01	0.007
Hispanic females	0.523 (0.482, 0.563)	0.535 (0.484, 0.587)	0.464 (0.426, 0.502)	0.444 (0.403, 0.485)	0.321 (0.289, 0.352)	< 0.000001	0.005	0.003
Insulin sensitivity by the simple QUICKI⁶
Non-Hispanic white males	0.339 (0.336, 0.342)	0.343 (0.340, 0.346)	0.340 (0.336, 0.343)	0.337 (0.334, 0.341)	0.327 (0.323, 0.331)	< 0.000001	0.008	0.002
Non-Hispanic white females	0.352 (0.349, 0.355)	0.348 (0.345, 0.351)	0.345 (0.342, 0.348)	0.343 (0.340, 0.346)	0.33 (0.327, 0.334)	< 0.000001	0.00005	0.00001
Non-Hispanic black males	0.344 (0.339, 0.348)	0.342 (0.338, 0.347)	0.343 (0.339, 0.348)	0.341 (0.335, 0.346)	0.333 (0.328, 0.338)	0.003	0.03	0.01
Non-Hispanic black females	0.340 (0.336, 0.343)	0.335 (0.331, 0.339)	0.333 (0.329, 0.337)	0.333 (0.329, 0.337)	0.322 (0.317, 0.326)	< 0.000001	0.0006	0.0001
Hispanic males	0.341 (0.336, 0.345)	0.34 (0.336, 0.345)	0.339 (0.335, 0.344)	0.337 (0.332, 0.342)	0.318 (0.314, 0.322)	< 0.000001	0.0001	0.00001
Hispanic females	0.340 (0.336, 0.344)	0.340 (0.336, 0.345)	0.334 (0.330, 0.338)	0.330 (0.326, 0.335)	0.315 (0.310, 0.319)	< 0.000001	0.00003	0.00002

Data presented mean with 95%CI. ¹P values for trend, unadjusted; ²P values for trend, after adjustment for age and body mass index; ³P values for trend, after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and mineral/iron supplement;

⁴%B = (20 × fasting insulin concentration in mU/L) / (fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L - 3.5). Those with negative %B were excluded from analysis;

⁵%S = 22.5/(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L × fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L);

⁶Quicki = 1/[log(fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL) + log(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L)]. NS: Not significant; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Table 4 Serum ferritin concentration and estimated insulin sensitivity indices by quintile of inflammatory marker - C-reactive protein

	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	P¹	P²	P³
Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L)
Non-Hispanic white males	142 (130, 155)	157 (144, 170)	179 (164, 195)	201 (180, 222)	201 (181, 221)	< 0.000001	0.000002	0.000005
Non-Hispanic white females	19 (18, 20)	49 (48, 50)	120 (116, 125)	152 (134, 171)	108 (95, 120)	0.000003	0.00003	0.00003
Non-Hispanic black males	186 (163, 209)	187 (167, 207)	267 (236, 298)	227 (202, 253)	254 (281, 228)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	90 (74, 106)	79 (66, 91)	77 (65, 89)	102 (87, 118)	115 (98, 132)	0.002	0.0009	0.001
Hispanic males	150 (134, 166)	157 (135, 179)	161 (137, 185)	157 (136, 178)	172 (154, 191)	NS	NS	NS
Hispanic females	52 (44, 60)	56 (48, 64)	63 (53, 72)	72 (60, 84)	92 (68, 115)	0.00001	0.007	0.006
Insulin sensitivity by the homeostasis model assessment (%S)⁴
Non-Hispanic white males	0.541 (0.505, 0.578)	0.531 (0.500, 0.562)	0.546 (0.509, 0.582)	0.459 (0.425, 0.494)	0.412 (0.383, 0.440)	< 0.000001	0.05	0.03
Non-Hispanic white females	0.684 (0.651, 0.718)	0.627 (0.592, 0.661)	0.596 (0.558, 0.634)	0.494 (0.461, 0.526)	0.422 (0.392, 0.452)	< 0.000001	0.004	0.004
Non-Hispanic black males	0.562 (0.517, 0.607)	0.572 (0.526, 0.618)	0.561 (0.499, 0.623)	0.549 (0.488, 0.611)	0.478 (0.426, 0.530)	0.05	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	0.524 (0.489, 0.558)	0.524 (0.487, 0.560)	0.497 (0.464, 0.530)	0.404 (0.369, 0.438)	0.327 (0.288, 0.365)	< 0.000001	0.004	0.002
Hispanic males	0.558 (0.507, 0.608)	0.484 (0.438, 0.530)	0.525 (0.472, 0.578)	0.513 (0.460, 0.566)	0.372 (0.334, 0.411)	0.00001	NS	NS
Hispanic females	0.538 (0.495, 0.582)	0.53 (0.481, 0.579)	0.471 (0.430, 0.513)	0.392 (0.355, 0.429)	0.353 (0.319, 0.387)	< 0.000001	NS	NS
Insulin sensitivity by the simple QUICKI⁵
Non-Hispanic white males	0.342 (0.339, 0.346)	0.342 (0.339, 0.345)	0.342 (0.339, 0.346)	0.332 (0.328, 0.336)	0.328 (0.325, 0.331)	< 0.000001	0.01	0.008
Non-Hispanic white females	0.356 (0.354, 0.359)	0.351 (0.348, 0.354)	0.347 (0.343, 0.350)	0.336 (0.333, 0.340)	0.328 (0.324, 0.331)	< 0.000001	0.004	0.005
Non-Hispanic black males	0.345 (0.341, 0.349)	0.345 (0.340, 0.349)	0.341 (0.336, 0.346)	0.34 (0.334, 0.345)	0.332 (0.327, 0.338)	0.01	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	0.341 (0.337, 0.345)	0.341 (0.337, 0.345)	0.339 (0.335, 0.342)	0.327 (0.323, 0.331)	0.314 (0.310, 0.319)	< 0.000001	0.000002	0.000001
Hispanic males	0.342 (0.338, 0.347)	0.335 (0.331, 0.340)	0.338 (0.333, 0.343)	0.338 (0.333, 0.342)	0.321 (0.317, 0.326)	< 0.000001	NS	NS
Hispanic females	0.342 (0.338, 0.346)	0.34 (0.336, 0.344)	0.334 (0.329, 0.338)	0.325 (0.321, 0.329)	0.319 (0.314, 0.323)	< 0.000001	0.02	0.03

⁴%S = 22.5/(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L × fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L);

⁵Quicki = 1/[log(fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL) + log(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L)]. NS: Not significant; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Table 5 Serum ferritin concentration and estimated insulin sensitivity indices by quintile of aspartate aminotransferase

	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	P¹	P²	P³
Serum ferritin concentration(mcg/L)
Non-Hispanic white males	148 (134, 162)	154 (140, 167)	180 (165, 196)	170 (155, 186)	228 (205, 251)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	58 (51, 65)	61 (55, 68)	85 (76, 94)	102 (91, 112)	140 (122, 158)	0.0004	0.02	0.02
Non-Hispanic black males	175 (155, 196)	203 (178, 228)	197 (173, 222)	227 (203, 251)	267 (236, 298)	0.05	0.003	0.004
Non-Hispanic black females	84 (71, 96)	77 (66, 88)	80 (67, 92)	95 (81, 109)	127 (106, 149)	0.00001	0.004	0.005
Hispanic males	139 (124, 153)	134 (118, 151)	149 (134, 163)	155 (132, 177)	223 (194, 251)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	47 (39, 56)	49 (42, 55)	59 (50, 68)	79 (57, 101)	101 (86, 115)	< 0.000001	0.00001	0.00002
Insulin sensitivity by the homeostasis model assessment (%S)⁴
Non-Hispanic white males	0.491 (0.457, 0.526)	0.517 (0.484, 0.550)	0.497 (0.466, 0.528)	0.506 (0.471, 0.541)	0.478 (0.441, 0.514)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic white females	0.575 (0.544, 0.607)	0.597 (0.559, 0.630)	0.591 (0.554, 0.628)	0.555 (0.521, 0.588)	0.506 (0.470, 0.543)	0.02	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black males	0.512 (0.465, 0.559)	0.531 (0.479, 0.584)	0.528 (0.486, 0.569)	0.557 (0.508, 0.605)	0.561 (0.499, 0.623)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	0.447 (0.410, 0.484)	0.452 (0.418, 0.487)	0.472 (0.437, 0.506)	0.461 (0.424, 0.499)	0.443 (0.401, 0.485)	NS	NS	NS
Hispanic males	0.501 (0.460, 0.542)	0.55 (0.495, 0.604)	0.524 (0.473, 0.574)	0.477 (0.424, 0.530)	0.404 (0.359, 0.449)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	0.472 (0.430, 0.514)	0.48 (0.443, 0.516)	0.468 (0.430, 0.507)	0.49 (0.442, 0.539)	0.374 (0.330, 0.418)	0.006	NS	NS
Insulin sensitivity by the simple QUICKI⁵
Non-Hispanic white males	0.337 (0.333, 0.340)	0.34 (0.337, 0.343)	0.338 (0.335, 0.341)	0.338 (0.334, 0.342)	0.334 (0.330, 0.338)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic white females	0.346 (0.343, 0.349)	0.347 (0.344, 0.350)	0.347 (0.343, 0.350)	0.343 (0.340, 0.346)	0.336 (0.332, 0.340)	0.009	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black males	0.337 (0.332, 0.342)	0.339 (0.334, 0.344)	0.341 (0.337, 0.345)	0.343 (0.338, 0.348)	0.3417 (0.336, 0.346)	NS	NS	NS
Non-Hispanic black females	0.331 (0.327, 0.335)	0.332 (0.328, 0.336)	0.335 (0.332, 0.339)	0.333 (0.329, 0.337)	0.33 (0.326, 0.334)	NS	NS	NS
Hispanic males	0.337 (0.333, 0.342)	0.342 (0.337, 0.346)	0.338 (0.333, 0.343)	0.333 (0.328, 0.338)	0.325 (0.320, 0.329)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	0.334 (0.329, 0.338)	0.336 (0.332, 0.340)	0.334 (0.330, 0.338)	0.335 (0.331, 0.340)	0.32 (0.315, 0.325)	0.0001	NS	NS

Data presented mean with 95%CI.

¹P values for trend, unadjusted;

²P values for trend, after adjustment for age and body mass index;

³P values for trend, after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and mineral/iron supplement;

⁴%S = 22.5/(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L ×fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L);

⁵Quicki = 1/[log(fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL) + log(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L). NS: Not significant; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Table 6 Serum ferritin concentration and estimated insulin sensitivity indices by quintile of gamma glutamyl transferase

	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	P¹	P²	P³
Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L)
Non-Hispanic white males	141 (125, 157)	146 (131,161)	174 (156, 191)	179 (162, 196)	227 (204, 250)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	55 (48, 62)	70 (61, 78)	95 (81, 110)	92 (77, 107)	137 (121, 154)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic black males	165 (144, 187)	191 (163, 219)	221 (195, 247)	220 (194, 246)	298 (263, 333)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic black females	60 (45, 74)	79 (68, 91)	84 (67, 100)	97 (83, 112)	141 (119, 163)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic males	105 (93, 117)	137 (121, 153)	152 (132, 172)	173 (144, 202)	240 (208, 272)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	38 (30, 47)	38 (32, 44)	59 (47, 70)	82 (70, 93)	109 (90, 129)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Insulin sensitivity by the homeostasis model assessment (%S)⁴
Non-Hispanic white males	0.622 (0.584, 0.659)	0.521 (0.486, 0.556)	0.5061 (0.465, 0.546)	0.422 (0.387, 0.458)	0.402 (0.367, 0.436)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	0.732 (0.695, 0.769)	0.648 (0.609, 0.686)	0.587 (0.547, 0.626)	0.48 (0.444, 0.516)	0.397 (0.361, 0.433)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic black males	0.607 (0.560, 0.654)	0.588 (0.522, 0.653)	0.537 (0.491, 0.583)	0.489 (0.429, 0.548)	0.462 (0.404, 0.520)	0.0001	NS	0.05
Non-Hispanic black females	0.554 (0.515, 0.594)	0.454 (0.419, 0.489)	0.45 (0.409, 0.491)	0.407 (0.372, 0.442)	0.383 (0.332, 0.434)	< 0.000001	0.0002	0.00002
Hispanic males	0.67 (0.625, 0.715)	0.562 (0.486, 0.638)	0.423 (0.383, 0.463)	0.439 (0.376, 0.501)	0.359 (0.299, 0.419)	< 0.000001	0.00005	0.000005
Hispanic females	0.623 (0.569, 0.677)	0.494 (0.448, 0.539)	0.424 (0.381, 0.466)	0.338 (0.301, 0.375)	0.343 (0.298, 0.389)	< 0.000001	0.000002	0.000003
Insulin sensitivity by the simple QUICKI⁵
Non-Hispanic white males	0.351 (0.348, 0.354)	0.341 (0.338, 0.344)	0.339 (0.335, 0.342)	0.328 (0.324, 0.332)	0.325 (0.321, 0.330)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	0.361 (0.358, 0.364)	0.353 (0.350, 0.356)	0.347 (0.344, 0.350)	0.335 (0.332, 0.339)	0.323 (0.319, 0.327)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic black males	0.349 (0.345, 0.353)	0.344 (0.338, 0.350)	0.342 (0.337, 0.346)	0.334 (0.328, 0.339)	0.331 (0.325, 0.337)	< 0.000001	0.01	0.004
Non-Hispanic black females	0.345 (0.341, 0.348)	0.334 (0.330, 0.338)	0.332 (0.328, 0.337)	0.327 (0.323, 0.332)	0.321 (0.315, 0.326)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic males	0.356 (0.352, 0.360)	0.341 (0.335, 0.347)	0.330 (0.325, 0.334)	0.329 (0.323, 0.334)	0.318 (0.312, 0.324)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	0.351 (0.346, 0.355)	0.338 (0.334, 0.342)	0.329 (0.325, 0.334)	0.318 (0.313, 0.323)	0.316 (0.311, 0.322)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001

Data presented mean with 95%CI.

¹P values for trend, unadjusted;

²P values for trend, after adjustment for age and body mass index;

³P values for trend, after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and mineral/iron supplement;

⁴%S = 22.5/(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L × fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L);

⁵Quicki = 1/[log(fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL) + log(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L)]. NS: Not significant; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Table 7 Serum ferritin concentration and estimated insulin sensitivity indices by quintile of alanine aminotransferase

	Quintile 1	Quintile 2	Quintile 3	Quintile 4	Quintile 5	P¹	P²	P³
Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L)
Non-Hispanic white males	147 (132, 162)	169 (153, 185)	168 (152, 183)	177 (159, 194)	220 (200, 241)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	71 (63, 79)	71 (61, 82)	86 (77, 95)	95 (84, 107)	123 (107, 139)	0.05	0.02	0.02
Non-Hispanic black males	168 (147, 189)	187 (165, 210)	201 (177, 225)	247 (219, 275)	267 (238, 296)	0.01	0.00005	0.00005
Non-Hispanic black females	80 (67, 92)	79 (68, 89)	87 (73, 100)	98 (81, 114)	120 (100, 140)	0.00003	0.000004	0.000005
Hispanic males	128 (113, 143)	128 (116, 140)	142 (126, 157)	172 (144, 200)	229 (206, 253)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	42 (35, 49)	70 (48, 93)	57 (49, 65)	64 (55, 73)	101 (87, 116)	< 0.000001	0.000009	0.000009
Insulin sensitivity by the homeostasis model assessment (%S)⁴
Non-Hispanic white males	0.551 (0.517, 0.584)	0.544 (0.511, 0.578)	0.512 (0.476, 0.549)	0.483 (0.448, 0.518)	0.399 (0.370, 0.429)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	0.634 (0.602, 0.666)	0.628 (0.591, 0.664)	0.583 (0.546, 0.622)	0.55 (0.519, 0.582)	0.429 (0.395, 0.463)	0.00002	0.004	0.002
Non-Hispanic black males	0.63 (0.576, 0.684)	0.576 (0.522, 0.630)	0.564 (0.514, 0.615)	0.478 (0.423, 0.524)	0.44 (0.397, 0.482)	0.00002	0.003	0.003
Non-Hispanic black females	0.527 (0.490, 0.563)	0.498 (0.462, 0.534)	0.462 (0.424, 0.500)	0.427 (0.389, 0.465)	0.363 (0.330, 0.396)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic males	0.635 (0.569, 0.700)	0.57 (0.525, 0.615)	0.48 (0.430, 0.530)	0.448 (0.410, 0.486)	0.324 (0.295, 0.352)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	0.55 (0.509, 0.591)	0.528 (0.484, 0.571)	0.468 (0.427, 0.509)	0.409 (0.365, 0.452)	0.331 (0.295, 0.368)	< 0.000001	0.000003	0.000002
Insulin sensitivity by the simple QUICKI⁵
Non-Hispanic white males	0.344 (0.341, 0.347)	0.343 (0.339, 0.346)	0.339 (0.335, 0.342)	0.335 (0.332, 0.339)	0.326 (0.322, 0.329)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Non-Hispanic white females	0.352 (0.349, 0.355)	0.35 (0.347, 0.345)	0.346 (0.342, 0.349)	0.343 (0.340, 0.346)	0.327 (0.324, 0.331)	0.000001	0.0005	0.0002
Non-Hispanic black males	0.349 (0.344, 0.354)	0.344 (0.339, 0.349)	0.343 (0.338, 0.348)	0.335 (0.330, 0.339)	0.33 (0.326, 0.335)	0.00005	0.01	0.009
Non-Hispanic black females	0.341 (0.337, 0.345)	0.338 (0.334, 0.342)	0.333 (0.329, 0.337)	0.33 (0.326, 0.334)	0.321 (0.316, 0.325)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic males	0.348 (0.343, 0.353)	0.345 (0.341, 0.349)	0.333 (0.328, 0.338)	0.332 (0.328, 0.336)	0.317 (0.313, 0.321)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Hispanic females	0.343 (0.339, 0.347)	0.34 (0.336, 0.344)	0.334 (0.330, 0.338)	0.327 (0.323, 0.331)	0.315 (0.311, 0.320)	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001

⁴%S = 22.5/(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L × fasting glucose concentration in mmol/L);

⁵Quicki = 1/[log(fasting glucose concentration in mg/dL) + log(fasting insulin concentration in mU/L)]. NS: Not significant; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Citation: Huang J, Karnchanasorn R, Ou HY, Feng W, Chuang LM, Chiu KC, Samoa R. Association of insulin resistance with serum ferritin and aminotransferases-iron hypothesis. World J Exp Med 2015; 5(4): 232-243
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315X/full/v5/i4/232.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.232