Therapeutic potential of adipose tissue in aesthetic medicine

Table 1 Timeline of aesthetic medicine

Category	Description	Key developments	Timeline
Ancient civilizations	Aesthetic procedures for contouring, preventive care, and skin conditions	Egyptian medicine, Greek and Roman medical systems	Ancient times
Modern aesthetic medicine	Breakthroughs in surgical techniques and chemical peels	Johann F. Dieffenbach, William Tilbury Fox, Paul G. Unna	19th century
Chemical peels	First chemical peel performed by Dr. William Tilbury Fox	Phenol-based peels for skin rejuvenation	1871
Facial reconstruction	Johann F. Dieffenbach's work on facial reconstruction	Rhinoplasty, cleft lip and palate repair	1845
Paraffin injections	Robert Gersuny's use of paraffin injections	Augmentation for facial and body contouring	1899
Laser technology	Development of first laser technique	Ruby laser for tattoo removal	1960
Plastic surgery	Development of plastic surgery centers in Germany, Britain, and Europe	Advancements in reconstructive and aesthetic procedures	20th century
Silicone fillers	Use of silicone as fillers	Long-lasting effect and natural feel	Mid-20th century
Botox	Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles and fine lines	Muscle relaxation for wrinkle reduction	Late 20th century
Derma fillers	Hyaluronic acid-based fillers for skin rejuvenation and volume restoration	Safety and reversibility
Laser treatments	Different wavelengths for unwanted hairs, acne, pigmentation, and scars	Cornerstone of aesthetic medicine
Adipose tissue-derived therapies	Natural and biocompatible alternative to conventional aesthetic treatments	Tissue regeneration, collagen production, angiogenesis	21st century

Table 2 Adipose tissue derived stem cells treatment in different types of hyperpigmentation

Type of hyperpigmentation	Cause	Effect	Treatment
Melasma	Hormonal changes, genetic disposition, skin irritation	Melanocyte Hyperactivation	ADSC enriched nanofat have shown some improvement but due to involvement of hormonal and genetic factor its efficacy is still questionable
Solar Lentigines	Prolonged sun exposure, UV rays	Overproduction of ROS, influencing tyrosinase enzyme leading to melanin overproduction	ADSCs downregulate tyrosinase enzyme, gives lighter tone to the skin
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation	Skin injury, acne, burn, exposure to heavy metal	Damaged dermis layer causes appearance of dark patches due to disruption of melanocytes	Adipose tissue derived exosome gel in combination with CO2 laser improve skin texture

ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cells; UV: Ultraviolet; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.