Triple probiotic combination effect on metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory parameters in diabetic population: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 1 PRISMA study selection flowchart.

Figure 2 Risk of bias assessment. A: Risk of bias of within individual studies; B: Risk of bias between studies.

Figure 3 Efficacy of triple probiotic combination on glycaemic and insulin parameters. A: Serum glucose level; B: Serum insulin level; C: HOMA-IR score; D: QUICKI score; E: HOMA-B score. HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-B: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.

Figure 4 Efficacy of triple probiotic combination on oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters. A: Serum total antioxidant capacity level; B: Serum glutathione level; C: Serum malondialdehyde level; D: Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein level; E: Nitric oxide level.

Figure 5 Efficacy of triple probiotic combination on lipid parameters. A: Serum total cholesterol level; B: Serum triglycerides level; C: Serum low-density lipoprotein level; D: Serum very low-density lipoprotein level; E: High-density lipoprotein level; F: Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein level ratio.