Flavonoids extract from Vitex negundo inhibit autophagy by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K/ULK signaling cascade in cancerous cells

Figure 1 Chemical structure of flavonoids and its type.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal protein S6 kinase pathway illustrates that ribosomal protein S6 kinase is located downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. p70S6K: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PIP2: Phosphorylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate.

Figure 3 The PAM signalling pathway and its downstream function. A: PAM pathway downstream function in normal cell; B: PAM pathway downstream function in cancer cell. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PIP2: Phosphorylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate.

Figure 4 Biochemical mechanism of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 and protein kinase B regulation. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PIP2: Phosphorylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; AKT: Protein kinase B; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10. Created in BioRender.com.