Prevention of stress-related ulcer bleeding at the intensive care unit: Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis

Table 1 Efficacy of proton pump inhibitor compared to histamine 2 receptor antagonists at the intensive care unit

Meta-analysis	n	Risk reduction (bleeding)	Risk reduction (mortality)
Alhazzani et al[2]	1720	RR = 0.36	RR = 1.01
		(95%CI: 0.19-0.67)	(95%CI: 0.83-1.24)
Pongprasobchai et al[59]	569	OR = 0.42	n/a
		(95%CI: 0.20-0.91)
Barkun et al[60]	1587	OR = 0.30	OR = 1.19
		(95%CI: 0.17-0.54)	(95%CI: 0.84-1.68)
Lin et al[61]	936	RD = 0.04	RD = 0.00
		(95%CI: 0.09-0.01)	(95%CI: 0.04-0.05)

n/a: Not assessed; n: Patients included in the meta-analysis; RR: Relative risk; OR: Odds ratio; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor(s); RD: Risk difference.

Table 2 Acid suppression as a risk factor for pneumonia at the intensive care unit

Acid suppression as a risk factor for		Pneumonia
Barkun et al[16]	Meta-analysis	OR = 1.05 (95%CI: 0.69-1.62)
Alhazzani et al[2]	Meta-analysis	RR = 1.06 (95%CI: 0.73-1.52)
Khorvash et al[6]	Randomized controlled trial	14.1% without vs 36.4% with PPI, P < 0.001
Buendgens et al[6]	Retrospective cohort study	OR = 1.28 (95%CI: 0.95-1.73)

OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Table 3 Proton pump inhibitor as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea at the intensive care unit

PPI as a risk factor for		Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (OR, 95%CI)
Barletta et al[49]	Case control study	1.14 (1.02-1.27)
Buendgens et al[6]	Retrospective cohort study	3.11 (1.11-8.74)

OR: Odds ratio; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.