Effect of dietary fibre on the gastrointestinal microbiota during critical illness: A scoping review

Table 1 Randomised placebo controlled double blinded trials of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides

Ref.	Intervention	Method of analysis	Microbiota	Faecal SCFA concentration
Damen et al[29], 2012	Wheat/Rye bread with or without AXO (n = 27)	FISH	Increased Bifidobacterium spp.a	Increased
Walton et al[33], 2012	Bread with or without AXO (n = 27)	FISH	No significant difference	Increased
François et al[30], 2012	Wheat bran derived AXO or placebo drink (n = 57)	FISH	Increased Bifidobacterium with 10 g/day dose	Increased total SCFA with 10 g/day dose
Müller et al[32], 2020	AXO powder or Maltodextrin (n = 48)	16S rRNA amplicon sequencing	Increased bifidobacterium, decreased alpha diversity	No changes
Chung et al[31], 2020	AXO powder or Maltodextrin (n = 21)	16S rRNA sequencing	Significant increase in Bifidobacterium speciesb; Decrease in Firmicutesc	Significantly increased

^aP = 0.06.

^bP ≤ 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

AXO: Arabinoxylan oligosaccarides; FISH: Fluorescent in situ hybridisation; SCFA: Short chain fatty acid.

Table 2 Randomised controlled trials that failed to change the gastrointestinal microbiota

Ref.	Intervention/placebo	Method of analysis
Ampatzoglou et al[34], 2015	high (> 80 g/day) or low (< 16 g/day) whole grain (n = 33)	FISH analysis
An et al[35], 2019	15 g/day sugar beet pectin or maltodextrin	16S rRNA amplicon sequencing
Brandl et al[36], 2020	Commercial fibre product enriched with 10 g wheat or without enrichment (n = 48)	16S rRNA amplicon
Vuholm et al[37], 2017	Whole grain or refined wheat group (n = 70)	16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

FISH: Fluorescent in situ hybridization.