Septic shock 3.0 criteria application in severe COVID-19 patients: An unattended sepsis population with high mortality risk

Table 1 Demographic and primary clinical characteristics in the Sepsis, vasoplegic shock and septic shock 3.0 groups

IQR	Sepsis	Vasoplegic shock	Septic shock 3.0	Total	P
	(n = 51)	(n = 26)	(n = 41)	(n = 118)
Age, years (mean ± SD)	59.51 ± 13.7	61.9 ± 12.9	68.7 ± 10.6	63.3 ± 13.1	0.005
Gender, males (n)	38	19	30	87	0.986
Body mass index (mean ± SD)	27.56 ± 4.44	29.67 ± 6.7	27.9 ± 4.1	28.2 ± 4.9	0.591
SOFA at admission [mean (IQR)]	3.04 (2; 4)	5.88 (3; 8)	7.14 (4; 9)	5.13 (2; 7.8)	< 0.001
Mechanical ventilation (n)	5	26	37	68	< 0.001
Length of mechanical ventilation, d [mean (IQR)]	1.06 (0; 2)	12.5 (4.75;17)	19.3 (7.5; 28)	9.9 (0; 17.3)	< 0.001
Minimum paO2/FiO2 registered (mean ± SD)	181.9 ± 82.1	104.9 ± 69.2	92 ± 64.5	133.7 ± 84.4	< 0.001
Ventilation in prone position, h [mean (IQR)]	4.55 (3; 5.1)	70.2 (0; 134.8)	129.1 (0; 187.5)	62.3 (0; 96)	< 0.001
Length of neuromuscular blockade, d [mean (IQR)]	0 (0; 0)	6.5 (2; 9.3)	8.3 (3; 16.5)	4.9 (0; 8.3)	< 0.001
Vasopressor support (n)	0	26	41	67	< 0.001
Minimum blood pressure registered, mmHg (mean ± SD)	60.1 ± 11.3	52.8 ± 8.1	48.7 ± 9.5	54.5 ± 11.2	< 0.001
Maximum dose of vasopressor therapy, µg/kg (mean ± SD)	-	22.5 ± 18.8	30.5 ± 16.3	15.6 ± 18.9	< 0.001
Maximum serum lactate level, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	1.64 ± 0.56	1.39 ± 0.35	3.88 ± 2.8	2.36 ± 2	< 0.001
Maximum serum troponin level, ng/mL [mean (IQR)]	22.04 (6; 25)	103.4 (17.75; 124.8)	129.7 (40; 166.5)	77.4 (13; 93)	< 0.001
Minimum serum hemoglobin level, g/dL (mean ± SD)	11.4 ± 2.1	9.3 ± 2	8.1 ± 1.8	9.8 ± 2.5	< 0.001
Maximum serum C-reactive protein, mg/dL (mean ± SD)	18.2 ± 9.45	30.2 ± 9.9	31.9 ± 8.8	25.6 ± 11.3	< 0.001
Maximum serum Procalcitonin, ng/mL [mean (IQR)]	2.29 (0.1; 0.8)	6.65 (0.4; 5.9)	10.4 (1.1; 12.4)	6.23 (0.3; 5.9)	< 0.001
Maximum creatinine level registered, mg/dL [mean (IQR)]	1.68 (0.82; 1.2)	2.66 (0.83; 2.54)	3 (1.3; 3.8)	2.36 (0.9; 2.8)	< 0.001
Renal support therapy (n)	4 (8%)	7 (3%)	20 (49%)	31 (26%)	< 0.001
Secondary infections, per patient [mean (IQR)]	0.16 (0; 0)	0.63 (0; 1)	1.1 (0; 1.5)	0.55 (0; 1)	< 0.001
Remdesivir (n, %)	22 (43%)	13 (50%)	20 (49%)	55 (47%)	0.8
Corticosteroid therapy (n)	14 (27%)	4 (15%)	20 (49%)	38 (32%)	0.01

IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes in sepsis, vasoplegic shock and septic shock 3.0 groups

	Sepsis	Vasoplegic shock	Septic shock 3.0	Total	P
	(n = 51)	(n = 26)	(n = 41)	(n = 118)
Ventilator free-days at day 28 (mean ± SD)	25.8 ± 6.4	11.4 ± 9.1	5.17 ± 8.9	15.4 ± 12.3	< 0.001
Vasopressor free-days at day 28 (mean ± SD)	26.9 ± 5.5	15.7 ± 10.4	7.76 ± 10.2	17.8 ± 12	< 0.001
ICU length of stay, days (mean ± SD)	6.86 ± 5.1	15.9 ± 8.2	24.3 ± 15.1	14.9 ± 12.8	< 0.001
In-hospital death rate (n)	2	7	19	28	< 0.001

SD: Standard deviation.