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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Crit Care Med. Mar 9, 2022; 11(2): 102-111
Published online Mar 9, 2022. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i2.102
Published online Mar 9, 2022. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i2.102
Table 1 Baseline characteristics and their distribution to latitude and altitudes
| Variables | Total (n = 22108) | Latitude | Altitude | |||||
| 0-15° (n = 589) | 16-30° (n = 1961) | 31-45° (n = 19163) | 46-60° (n = 395) | < 500 MASL (n = 21122) | 500 - 1000 MASL (n = 765) | > 1000 MASL (n = 221) | ||
| Age, median, IQR | 62 (49-74) | 50 (36-62) | 59 (47-70) | 62 (49-74) | 72 (59-83) | 62 (59-74) | 58 (46-69) | 60 (49-71) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 9804 (44%) | 198 (34%) | 797 (41%) | 8626 (46%) | 183 (46%) | 9476 (45%) | 255 (33%) | 73 (33%) |
| Male | 12025 (54%) | 391 (66%) | 1163 (59%) | 10259 (54%) | 212 (54%) | 11367 (55%) | 510 (67%) | 148 (67%) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 11210 (51%) | 2 (0%) | 471 (24%) | 10449 (55%) | 288 (73%) | 10928 (52%) | 227 (30%) | 55 (25%) |
| African American | 5757 (26%) | 74 (13%) | 505 (26%) | 5145 (27%) | 33 (8%) | 5738 (27%) | 17 (2%) | 2 (1%) |
| Mixed race | 785 (4%) | 164 (28%) | 119 (6%) | 501 (3%) | 1 (0%) | 524 (2%) | 129 (17%) | 132 (60%) |
| Asian American | 416 (2%) | - | 9 (0%) | 398 (2%) | 9 (2%) | 412 (2%) | 4 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Others | 3940 (18%) | 349 (59%) | 857 (44%) | 2670 (14%) | 61 (15%) | 3122 (15%) | 371 (48%) | 32 (1%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 4592 (21%) | 88 (15%) | 313 (16%) | 4185 (22%) | 6 (2%) | 4322 (20%) | 197 (26%) | 73 (33%) |
| Non-Hispanic | 14411 (65%) | 354 (60%) | 1250 (64%) | 12571 (66%) | 236 (60%) | 14073 (67%) | 281 (37%) | 57 (26%) |
| BMI | 29.0 (25, 35) | 26.7 (24, 28) | 28.0 (25, 34) | 29.3 (25, 35) | 26.7 (23, 32) | 29.0 (25, 35) | 28.6 (26, 33) | 28 (26, 32) |
| Comorbidities (any) | 18991 (86%) | 295 (50%) | 1580 (81%) | 16753 (87%) | 363 (92%) | 18262 (86%) | 578 (76%) | 151 (68%) |
| Hypertension | 10267 (46%) | 191 (32%) | 1050 (54%) | 8785 (46%) | 241 (61%) | 9865 (47%) | 322 (42%) | 80 (36%) |
| Diabetes | 6473 (29%) | 134 (23%) | 738 (38%) | 5474 (29%) | 127 (32%) | 6163 (29%) | 256 (33%) | 54 (24%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 4124 (19%) | 29 (5%) | 338 (17%) | 3678 (19%) | 79 (20%) | 4017 (19%) | 87 (11%) | 20 (9%) |
| Obesity | 3794 (17%) | 34 (6%) | 394 (20%) | 3304 (17%) | 62 (16%) | 3640 (17%) | 125 (16%) | 29 (13%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 3521 (16%) | 7 (1%) | 315 (16%) | 3168 (17%) | 31 (8%) | 3422 (16%) | 87 (11%) | 12 (5%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2609 (12%) | 5 (1%) | 233 (12%) | 2295 (12%) | 76 (19%) | 2543 (12%) | 56 (7%) | 10 (5%) |
Table 2 Comparison of outcomes according to latitude and altitudes
| Study outcomes | Latitude | Altitude | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| Estimate | 95%CI | P value | Estimate | 95%CI | P value | Estimate | 95%CI | P value | Estimate | 95%CI | P value | |
| 28 d mortality | 1.39 | (1.04, 1.86) | 0.025 | 1.32 | (1.00, 1.74) | 0.051 | RCS, P value non-linearity ≤ 0.001, P value overall association = 0.001 | RCS, P value non-linearity = 0.049, P value overall association = 0.017 | ||||
| Hospital-free days | -1.47 | (-2.60, | 0.011 | -1.07 | (-2.13, | 0.050 | 0.14 | (-0.37, 0.64) | 0.587 | 0.10 | (0.37, 0.56) | 0.683 |
- Citation: Tekin A, Qamar S, Singh R, Bansal V, Sharma M, LeMahieu AM, Hanson AC, Schulte PJ, Bogojevic M, Deo N, Zec S, Valencia Morales DJ, Belden KA, Heavner SF, Kaufman M, Cheruku S, Danesh VC, Banner-Goodspeed VM, St Hill CA, Christie AB, Khan SA, Retford L, Boman K, Kumar VK, O'Horo JC, Domecq JP, Walkey AJ, Gajic O, Kashyap R, Surani S, The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) Discovery Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study (VIRUS): COVID-19 Registry Investigator Group. Association of latitude and altitude with adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19: The VIRUS registry. World J Crit Care Med 2022; 11(2): 102-111
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v11/i2/102.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v11.i2.102