Efficacy of remdesivir for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with end stage renal disease

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population

	Remdesivir (n = 20)	Control (n = 25)
Mean age (yr)	64.20 (± 15.16)	68.32 (± 12.67)
Age groups in years (n, %)
18-40	2 (10)	1 (4)
41-64	5 (25)	7 (28)
Above 65	13 (65)	17 (68)
Females (n, %)	11 (55)	12 (48)
Race or ethnic group (n, %)
White or Caucasian	9 (45)	12 (48)
Hispanic	5 (25)	9 (36)
Black or African American	2 (10)	2 (8)
Other	4 (20)	2 (8)
Tobacco use (n, %)	11 (55)	14 (56)
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)	13 (65)	20 (80)
Hypertension (n, %)	19 (95)	24 (96)
Coronary artery disease/peripheral vascular disease (n, %)	8 (40)	9 (36)
Congestive heart failure (n, %)	10 (50)	12 (48)
History of lung disease- no. (%)	6 (30)	9 (36)
Obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) (n, %)	8 (40)	12 (48)
Arrhythmia (n, %)	6 (30)	9 (36)
Length of stay - d (± SD)	13.00 (± 7.35)	12.16 (± 8.38)
Treatment (n, %)
Corticosteroids	20 (100)	17 (68)
Antibiotics	13 (65)	13 (52)
Therapeutic anticoagulation	9 (45)	11 (44)

Table 2 Main effect parameter estimates for the primary outcomes and covariates

	Outcome: Max O2			Outcome: Ventilation			Outcome: Time to Mortality
Variable	PE	X2 (1)	p	PE	X2 (1)	P value	PE	X2 (1)	P value
Age	0.32	3.25	0.0712	0.04	0.56	0.4562	0.05	1.75	0.1860
Tobacco use	8.59	3.82	0.0507	1.29	0.91	0.3399	-0.89	0.91	0.3398
Female Sex	-9.49	5.43	0.0198	-2.94	3.80	0.0511	0.05	< 0.01	0.9529
Black, Hispanic, and Other races	7.02	2.69	0.1011	2.14	1.96	0.1614	1.18	1.91	0.1672
Obesity	5.35	1.36	0.2444	1.46	0.74	0.3904	0.32	0.16	0.6932
Diabetes	-20.59	5.21	0.0224	-4.06	3.61	0.0575	-4.17	9.25	0.0024
High d dimers	-21.50	2.22	0.1358	-0.01	< 0.01	0.9971	-5.86	7.41	0.0065
Remdesivir	-25.93	6.65	0.0099	-28.52	22.98	< 0.0001	-5.03	7.42	0.0065

PE stands for parameter estimate. For Max O2, this is the average difference between the specified group and the overall mean. For ventilation, this represents the log odds difference between the specified group and the overall odds of being on a ventilator. For time to mortality, this represents the difference in risk of mortality as a function of time for the specified group relative to the overall risk of mortality for corona virus disease 2019 patients. Because age was specified as a continuous value, the values in PE represent the change in mean, odds, or risk for a one-year increase or decrease in age.

Table 3 Group mean comparisons

D dimers	Diabetes	Condition	Mean	Z	P value	Cohen's d
Outcome: Max O2
High	Yes	Remdesivir	28.80	-0.75	0.2260	0.43
		Control	36.81
	No	Remdesivir	46.23	2.38	0.0087	1.76
		Control	13.22
Low	Yes	Remdesivir	13.99	-0.33	0.3712	0.09
		Control	15.72
	No	Remdesivir	8.79	-2.06	0.0199	1.38
		Control	34.72
Outcome: Probability of being on a ventilator
D dimers	Diabetes	Condition	% on ventilator	Z	p	Risk ratio
High	Yes	Remdesivir	6.16	-1.21	0.1125	0.11
		Control	55.34
	No	Remdesivir	67.92	-0.07	0.4708	0.90
		Control	75.47
Low	Yes	Remdesivir	8.22	0.27	0.3955	1.62
		Control	5.07
	No	Remdesivir	0.00	-4.45	< 0.0001	0.00
		Control	75.66
Outcome: Time to mortality
D dimers	Diabetes	Condition	Hazard ratio	Z	p	Risk ratio
High	Yes	Remdesivir	-3.13	0.11	0.4570	5.78
		Control	-4.92
	No	Remdesivir	-5.98	-0.02	0.4930	0.89
		Control	-5.86
Low	Yes	Remdesivir	-4.84	-0.12	0.4512	0.52
		Control	-4.17
	No	Remdesivir	-5.03	-2.72	0.0032	0.01
		Control	0.00

Cohen’s d effect size is conventionally defined as small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, and large = 0.8. Effect sizes for risk ratios are conventionally defined as small = 0.60 or 1.68, medium = 0.29 or 3.47, and large = 0.15 or 6.71.