Pyruvate-fortified resuscitation stabilizes cardiac electrical activity and energy metabolism during hypovolemia

Figure 1 Systemic arterial pressure during hemorrhage, resuscitation and recovery. Values are mean ± SD from 8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR), and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR) experiments. ^bP < 0.01 vs TC; ^cP < 0.05 vs LR; ^fP < 0.01 vs baseline of same group; ^gP < 0.05 vs pre-resuscitation hemorrhage of same group.

Figure 2 QTc variability during fluid resuscitation and recovery. Values are mean ± SD from 8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR), and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR) experiments. ^aP < 0.05 vs TC; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs LR; ^fP < 0.01 vs baseline of same group; ^gP < 0.05 vs pre-resuscitation hemorrhage of same group.

Figure 3 Myocardial pyruvate (A), lactate (B) and citrate (C) contents. Values (mean ± SD) are from left ventricular myocardium biopsied at 90 resuscitation (n = 6 per group) or at 3.5 h post resuscitation [8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR), and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR)]. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs TC; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs LR.

Figure 4 Myocardial 8-isoprostane content. Values (mean ± SD) are normalized to the ‘end of resuscitation’ time control (TC) values [8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR), and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR)]. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs TC; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs lactate Ringer’s (LR).

Figure 5 Myocardial creatine kinase (A) and lactate dehydrogenase (B) activities. Enzyme activities were measured in 8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR) and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR) experiments. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs TC; ^dP < 0.01 vs LR. CK: Creatine kinase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.

Figure 6 Myocardial creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activities. Creatine kinase-MB activities, measured in 8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR) and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR) experiments, are expressed relative to the TC value. ^aP < 0.05 vs TC; ^dP < 0.01 vs LR.

Figure 7 Myocardial ATP content (A), phosphorylation potential (B) and ATP/ADP ratio (C). Metabolites were measured in the same biopsies [8 time control (TC), 9 lactate Ringer’s (LR), and 10 pyruvate Ringer’s (PR)]. ^aP < 0.05 vs TC; ^cP < 0.05 , ^dP < 0.01 vs LR.