Role of interventional pulmonology in intensive care units: A scoping review

Figure 1 Instrument. A: Rigid bronchoscopy and its accessories–notice the different types of forceps with its larger sizes which are helpful in foreign body removal; B: ERBE combined argon plasma coagulation and cryotherapy machine.

Figure 2 Clinical manifestation. A: 64 years old man who presented with hemoptysis secondary to adenocarcinoma of the lung with tracheal involvement. Note the tumor occupying the trachea with bleed; B: Rigid bronchoscopy was performed following which a combination of mechanical debulking, argon plasma coagulation and cryo-debulking was performed with resolution of hypoxemic respiratory failure and hemoptysis.

Figure 3 Computed tomography scans of chest in axial view showing aspirated coin in mid trachea.

Figure 4 Rigid bronchoscopy was performed which showed granulation tissue around the coin which was then removed with rigid forceps.

Figure 5 Bronchoscopy showing aspirated hot dog in the right main stem bronchus which was removed with forceps.

Figure 6 Spirometry showing flattened inspiratory and expiratory loops consistent with fixed upper airway obstruction in a patient with subglottic stenosis.

Figure 7 Computed tomography scans and bronchoscopy. A: Computed tomography scans showing right upper lobe atelectasis in a 53-year-old patient with granulomatosis with polyangitis; B: Bronchoscopy showing subglottic stenosis in the same patient following which balloon dilatation was performed to relieve the stenosis.

Figure 8 Tracheal surgery. A: Computed tomography scans in an 18-year-old patient showing tracheal rupture following motor vehicle accident; B: With extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, rigid bronchoscopy was performed followed by placement of Y stent; C: Tracheal tear healed following which Y stent was removed.

Figure 9 Bronchoscopy showing tumor involvement with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, which was debulked with electrocautery snaring, and hemostasis was achieved with APC. Note that tracheal tumor is now debulked and right airway is better visualized (right row). APC: Argon plasma coagulation.

Figure 10  Computed tomography chest in axial view. A: Computed tomography (CT) chest in axial view showing presence of hydropneumothorax needing the placement of a 14F chest tube; B: CT chest in axial view of a 45-year-old patient showing pneumothorax with chest tube in left side (arrow); C: With a persistent air leak, endobronchial valves were placed in the lingula as seen on axial and coronal views (arrow).