Upper extremity vascular injuries: Etiology, management and outcome

Figure 1 Concommitant injuries (%). A: Overall; B: Tendons; C: Nerves. FDS: Flexor digitorum superficialis; PL: Palmaris longus; FDP: Flexor digitorum profundus; FCR: Flexor carpi radialis; FCU: Flexor carpi ulnaris.

Figure 2 Types of arterial injuries (%).

Figure 3 Spaghetti wrist type of injury. A: Spaghetti wrist injury from chainsaw in a 45-years old male patient’s right forearm. Laceration of multiple tendons, median nerve, ulnar neuro-vascular bundle is depicted; B: Layered reconstruction of flexor digitorum profundi tendons, median and ulnar nerves, and ulnar artery.

Figure 4 High energy trauma in the forearm of a 43-years old female patient. A: Temporary external fixation management of the radius-ulna fractures besides radial artery and flexor tendons repair; B: Ten days post-operative management of the necrotic tissue in the palmar side of the forearm with extensive surgical debridement; C: The use of bone cement loaded with antibiotics.