Crucial roles of macrophages in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease

Table 1 Autoimmune diseases and macrophages

Autoimmune disease	Remarks of macrophage
SLE	Impaired engulfment, IFN-β, TNF-α, B cell activation
MS	M1 (CCR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, NO), M2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β)
RA	M1 (TNF-α, IL-1β, IRF5), M2 (IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, IRF3, IRF4, NF-κB)
SS	M1 (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1)

SLE: Systemic erythematosus; MS: Multiple sclerosis; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; IRF: IFN regulatory factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1.