Apoptotic signaling through reactive oxygen species in cancer cells

Figure 1 The role of reactive oxygen species on cancer cells to explain the different effects at each condition. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level inside cancer cell appears varied even within a given type of cancer cells. A so-called “double-edged sword strategy” uses to manipulate the opposite role of ROS sequentially to kill cancer cells more effectively. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PI3K: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; HIF-1α: Hypoxia inducible factor-1α; JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; NOX: NAD(P)H oxidase.