Periodontitis: Tip of the iceberg in chronic kidney disease

Table 1 Common orofacial problems associated with chronic kidney disease itself or caused by therapy[35]

Organs	Manifestations	Organs	Manifestations
Oral mucosal lesions	Ulceration	Mouth	Poor oral hygiene
	Uremic stomatitis		Uremic odor, bad odor/halitosis
	Mucosal petechia/ecchymosis		Uremic frost
	Metastatic soft tissue calcifications
	Macules, nodules
	Papillomas
	Pyogenic granuloma	Salivary glands	Acute suppurative sialadenitis
	Fibro-epithelial polyps
	White patch, erythematous patch
	Angular cheilitis/candidiasis	Tongue	Tongue coating
	Oral hairy leukoplakia		Geographic tongue
	Lichen planus-like disease		Black hairy tongue
	Epstein-Barr virus like lesions
	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
	Kaposi’s sarcoma
Bone	Decreased thickness of cortical bone	Periodontium	Gingival overgrowth
	Radiolucent lesions		Increased deposits of calculus
	Abnormal bone healing after extraction		Severe periodontal destruction
	Osteolytic areas		Increased tooth mobility
	Premature bone loss in the jaw
	Decreased trabeculation	Teeth	Premature tooth loss
	Bone demineralisation		Malocclusion
	Brown tumour of the maxilla		Erosion of lingual tooth surface
	Pulp calcification
	Pulp narrowing
	Delayed eruption
	Necrotic teeth