Role of β-microseminoprotein from prostate cancer initiation to recurrence: A mini-review

Table 1 A summary of recorded functions of β-microsemi-noprotein

Growth inhibition and apoptosis control of prostate epithelium	[16]
Decrease of tumor growth, hypercalcemia and skeletal metastases	[17]
Decrease tumor vessel density	[19]
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor effects	[19]
Inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor binding to tyrosine kinase receptor Flk-1/KDR expressed by endothelial cells	[19]
Inhibits the secretion of a matrix metalloproteinase	[20]
Controls anchorage-independent colony growth of prostate cancer	[21]
Interaction with IgG and modulating immune function	[57]
Interaction with CRISP-3 and modulating ion channel regulation	[43]
Interaction with CRISP-3 to inhibit effects on innate immunity	[43]
A mediator of natural killer cells and an activator of neutrophils	[53]
A pH and Ca2+ dependent candidacidal activity	[23]

IgG: Immunoglobulin G; Flk-1/KDR: Fetal liver kinase 1/Kinase insert domain receptor; CRISP-3: Cysteine-rich secretory proteins.

Table 2 Relative expression of PCA3 and PSA genes in cells captured from urine of patients undergone various treatments

Treatment type	Relative PCA3 gene expression	Relative PSA geneexpression	PCA3score1
RP and RT	0	0	0
RP and RT	3.91	6.45	0.61
RP and RT	0	0	0
RP and RT	0	0	0
RP and RT	5.03	4.67	1.08
RT	0	0	0
RT	0	0	0
RT	4.76	0	-
RT	4.24	4.23	1
RT	4.94	1.86	2.66
ADT and RT	0	0	0
ADT and RT	0	0	0
ADT and RT	0	3.72	-
ADT and RT	0	0	0
ADT and RT	0	0	0
ADT and RT	0	0	0
RP + RT and ADT	0	7.39	0
ADT	0	0	0
ADT	4.39	5.47	0.8
ADT	0	0	0
ADT	0	0	0
ADT	0	0	0
ADT	0	0	0
ADT	0	0	0
RP and NFT	2.23	0	-
RP and NFT	7.97	2.83	2.82
RP and NFT	3.04	3.22	0.94
RP and NFT	0.39	0.34	1.15
RP and NFT	6.56	3.53	1.86
RP and NFT	6.05	4.67	1.3
RP and NFT	0	0	0
RP and NFT	2.33	1.53	1.52
AS	6.02	7.2	0.84
AS	2.83	2.14	1.32
AS	5.42	Not available	-
AS	3.18	2.93	1.09
AS	6.53	8.13	0.8

¹PCA3 score is the ratio between relative PCA3 and relative PSA gene expression. PSA: Prostate specific antigen; PCA3: Prostate cancer gene 3; RP: Radical prostatectomy; RT: Radiation therapy; NFT: No further treatment; AS: Active Surveillance; ADT: Androgen deprivation therapy.

Table 3 Relative β-microseminoprotein levels measured from urine and serum of prostate cancer patients undergone various treatments

	Treatment type (number of patients)	Mean (range)	Estimate (95%CI)	P
[Urine MSMB]:[Serum MSMB]	ADT (8)	1.397 (0.163-119.5)	0.396 (0.085-1.852)	0.227
	ADT and RT (9)	4.100 (0.989-50.50)	1.162 (0.19-7.099)	0.866
	RT (5)	25.00 (10.32-45.88)	7.089 (1.16-43.322)	0.035
	AS (5)	3.529 (0.746-70.32)	1
[Urine MSMB]	ADT (8)	1.908 (0.639-80.88)	0.172 (0.04-0.741)	0.020
	ADT and RT (9)	1.677 (0.579-35.73)	0.151 (0.027-0.839)	0.032
	RT (5)	43.12 (16.73-83.51)	3.879 (0.698-21.57)	0.116
	AS (5)	11.11 (2.186-160.3)	1
[Serum MSMB]	ADT (8)	1.366 (0.560-25.92)	0.434 (0.145-1.301)	0.129
	ADT and RT (9)	0.409 (0.081-0.720)	0.13 (0.036-0.471)	0.003
	RT (5)	1.723 (0.730-8.093)	0.547 (0.151-1.986)	0.343
	AS (5)	3.149 (0.624-10.21)	1

Log-transformed β-microseminoprotein measurements were used in the analysis and the results presented above were determined by using the exponential (antilog) function. Generalised linear model was carried out to investigate MSMB level variability among four different treatments. All analyses were carried out using statistical package R[99] and SAS (V9.1 SAS Institute, Cary, NC, United States). ADT: Androgen deprivation therapy; RT: Radiation therapy; AS: Active surveillance.