Integrated technologies in the post-genomic era for discovery of bladder cancer urinary markers

Table 1 Urinary bladder cancer biomarkers

Biomarker/signature	Technology used	Ref.
MCP-1 A2518G, SDF-1 3'A and chemokine receptors CCR2A V64I, CCR5 Δ32, CCR5 59029 and CXCR4	PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism	[21]
TP53	PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis, DNA sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis	[22]
H-ras gene mutations	COLD-PCR	[23]
RARβ(2) and APC promoter methylation	Methylation specific PCR	[27]
SCGB3A1, BNIP3, ID4 and RUNX3	Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification	[28]
TBX2, TBX3, GATA2 and ZIC4	Genome-wide methylation analysis	[29]
BCL2, CDKN2A and NID2 genes methylation	Nested methylation specific polymerase chain	[30]
miR-96 and miR-183	Q-PCR	[33]
miR-618, miR-1255b-5p	RT-qPCR	[36]
RNA ratio of v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (avian; ETS2) to urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)	Reverse transcription quantitative-PCR	[41]
HYAL1 and survivin RNA	Qualitative and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction	[42]
FN, RTA, and CK20	Detection of CK20 by conventional RT-PCR, estimation of fibronectin by ELISA and relative telomerase activity by TRAP	[46]
CXCR4 and CXCR7	qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry	[52]
Bradeion/SEPT4 transcript	Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction	[53]
hTERT, SENP1, PPP1CA, and MCM5 mRNA	q-RT-PCR	[54]
HOX-A13, IGBP-5, MDK, and CDC-2	cDNA microarray, Q-PCR	[55,56]
Afamin, adiponectin, complement C4 gamma chain, apolipoprotein A-II precursor, ceruloplasmin and prothrombin	iTRAQ	[61]
IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, PAI-1, VEGF, ANG, CA9 and APOE	ELISA assay	[62]
IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, SDC1, CCL18, PAI-1, CD44, VEGF, ANG, CA9, A1AT, OPN, PTX3 and APOE	ELISA assay	[63]
GC	Two-dimensional fluorescent differential gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS	[64]
beta-2-microglobulin, fatty acid-binding protein adipocyte, gelsolin, isoform 1 of gelsolin, myoglobin, isoform 2 of fibrinogen alpha chain, apoA-I, prostaglandin D(2) synthase 21 kDa, protein AMBP, transthyretin, keratin type II cytoskeletal 1, type II cytoskeletal 8, putative uncharacterized protein ALB, putative uncharacterized protein MASP2 (fragment)	2-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and SWISS-PROT database	[65]
MMP9, fibrinogen forms, and clusterin, aminopeptidase N, profilin 1 and myeloblastin	1D-SDS-PAGE followed by band excision and liquid chromatography tandem MS	[66]
Fibrinogen α chain precursor, apolipoprotein E, α-1-antitrypsin, and leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1	MS and western blot/dot blot	[67]
Carnitine C9:1 and component I	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based method	[72]
Kynurenine	Two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS)	[73]
HURP RNA	Conventional RT-PCR and AuNP nanoassay	[89]

MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; SDF-1: Stromal cell derived factor 1; COLD-PCR: Co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-polymerase chain reaction; ZIC4: Zic family member 4; Q-PCR: Quantitative real time PCR; FN: Fibronectin; TBX2: T-box 2; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4; RTA: Relative telomerase activity; CK20: Cytokeratin 20; GATA2: GATA binding protein 2; HYAL1: Hyaluronidase; TRAP: Telomeric repeat amplification protocol; iTRAQ: Isobaric tagging absolute and relative quantitation; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4; GC: Gc-globulin; MALDI-TOF/TOF MS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MS: Mass spectrometry.