Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020 Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Clin Pediatr. Sep 19, 2020; 9(2): 29-43
Published online Sep 19, 2020. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v9.i2.29
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of esophageal atresia patients, n (%)
CharacteristicEA with GERD, n = 20EA without GERD, n = 17P value
Age in yr, as median4.93 (95%CI: 2.78 to 7.08; SD: 4.59); P < 0.0015.06 (95%CI: 3.49 to 6.62; SD: 3.05)0.444
Male/female, n12/87/100.26
Gross type of EAType C-20 (100)Type C- 17 (100)
Dysphagia6 (30)2 (11.8)0.186
Vomiting2 (10)2 (11.8)0.862
Heartburn1 (5)1 (5.9)0.905
Cough14 (70)13 (76.5)0.662
Recurrent pneumonia2 (10)-0.186
Recurrent bronchitis2 (10)2 (11.8)0.862
Asymptomatic2 (10)1 (5.9)0.653
History of atopy5 (25)2 (11.8)0.314
Esophagitis9 (45)7 (41.2)0.819
Previously treated with PPIs8 (40)9 (52.9)0.606
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise noted. CI: Confidence interval; EA: Esophageal atresia; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors; SD: Standard deviation.
Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of control patients, n (%)
CharacteristicRE, n = 25NERD, n = 41P value
Age in yr, as median8.68 (95%CI: 6.5796 to 10.7804)5.74 (95%CI: 4.4583 to 7.0295)0.0113
Male/female, n19/626/150.276
Gastrointestinal symptoms10 (40)6 (14.6)0.017
Respiratory symptoms7 (28)16 (39)0.366
Combined symptoms8 (32)16 (39)0.569
Asymptomatic-3 (7.4)0.167
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise noted. CI: Confidence interval; NERD: Nonerosive reflux disease; RE: Reflux esophagitis.
Table 3 pH-impedance data of esophageal atresia patients
pH-impedance parameterEA without GERDEA with GERDP value
AET (%)2.59, 95%CI: 1.68 to 3.511.62, 95%CI: 7.54 to 15.7, P = 0.0066< 0.001
Number of RBM40.3, 95%CI: 34.3 to 46.367.3, 95%CI: 55.27 to 79.32< 0.005
Longest acid exposure in min9.37, 95%CI: 5.26 to 13.5, P = 0.010446.8, 95%CI: 28.39 to 65.26, P = 0.0061< 0.001
Proximal events6.59, 95%CI: 3.1 to 10.1, P = 0.024910.95, 95%CI: 6.24 to 15.56, P = 0.00890.151
Index of proximal events10.17, 95%CI: 0.09 to 0.27, P = 0.00520.16, 95%CI: 0.1 to 0.220.939
Distal MNBI in kOhm1.99, 95%CI: 1.72 to 2.261.44, 95%CI: 1.21 to 1.67< 0.005
SAP (> 95%/< 95%)8/173/200.03
1In 4 cases in the group of EA without GERD, proximal events were not registered. Data are presented as mean with 95%CI by Shapiro-Wilk test. EA: Esophageal atresia; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; CI: Confidence interval; AET: Acid exposure time; MNBI: Mean nocturnal baseline impedance; RBM: Retrograde bolus movements.
Table 4 pH-impedance data of patients with nonerosive reflux disease, reflux esophagitis and esophageal atresia with gastroesophageal reflux disease
ParameterNERD,
RE,
EA with GERD
Kruskal-Wallis test
AM (95%CI)AM (95%CI)AM (95%CI)P value
AET (%)10.50 (8.05-12.95)10.06 (7.33-12.79)11.62 (7.53-15.7)0.776
Longest acid exposure in min21.8425 (17.14 to 26.55)25.8560 (18.47 to 33.24)46.8 (28.39 to 65.26)< 0.05
Total number of RBM74.61 (63.37 to 85.85)82.28 (63.89 to 100.67)67.30 (55.28 to 79.32)0.697
Total number of proximal reflux35.36 (20.76 to 29.97)32.91 (21.35 to 44.48)10.95 (6.23 to 15.66)< 0.001
Index of proximal reflux0.35 (0.29 to 0.4)0.37 (0.29 to 0.46)0.16 (0.1 to 0.22)< 0.001
Distal MNBI in kOhm2.25 (2.03 to 2.48)1.95 (1.64 to 2.27)1.44 (1.21 to 1.67)< 0.001
AET: Acid exposure time; AM: Arithmetic mean; CI: Confidence interval; MNBI: Mean nocturnal baseline impedance; NERD: Nonerosive reflux disease; RBM: Retrograde bolus movements; RE: Reflux esophagitis.