Review of the evidence for the management of co-morbid Tic disorders in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Table 1 Common differential diagnosis of Tics

Stereotypy (in developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and stereotypic movement disorder)

Functional movement disorders in children

Neurological: Stroke, head trauma

Primary movement disorders: Dystonia

Post-infectious: PANDAS, Sydenham’s chorea

Infectious: Encephalitis

Epileptic seizures

Toxic: Carbon monoxide poisoning

Chromosomal disorders: Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome

Genetic conditions: Huntington’s disease, Wilson’s disease and Tuberous sclerosis

Medication-induced tics: Neuroleptics, Stimulants, Antiepileptics, Lithium

Modified from Oluwabusi et al[19] 2016. PANDAS: Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections.